Практика Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 2 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Passage 2.
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The Step Pyramid of Joseph.
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A. The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous interest for people in the present day.
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These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the Egyptian kings have become linked with the country and the other cultures,
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such as the Chinese and Mayans, also built pyramids.
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The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries.
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However, there is no question there, as far as Egypt is concerned.
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It began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect, the step pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.
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Djoser was the first king of the third dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone.
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Prior to Djoser's reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered underground passages where the deceased person was buried.
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For reasons which remain unclear, Joseph's main official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller,
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more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Steak Pyramid.
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Joseph is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule owing to the number
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and size of the monuments he built.
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See, the step pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated over the last century, and it is now known that the building process went through many different stages.
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Historian Mark Van de Mirab comments on this, writing much experimentation was involved,
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which is especially clear in the construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex.
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It had several plans before it became the first step pyramid in history, piling six levels on top of one another.
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The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up.
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When finally completed, The step pyramid rose 62 meters high and was the tallest structure of its time.
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The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests.
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It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high.
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The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only one true entrance cut into the southeast corner.
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The entire wall was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long
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and 40 meters wide the false doors in the trench were incorporated into the complex to discourage unwanted visitors
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if someone wished to enter he
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or she would have needed to know in advance how to find the location of the true opening in the wall
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Joseph was so proud of his accomplishment
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that he broke the tradition of having only his own name on the Mondini
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and had him Hotex name carved on it as well.
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E, the burial chamber of the tomb, where the king's body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the pyramid,
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surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage robbers robbers.
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One of the most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of stone vessels.
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Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in storerooms of the pyramid's underground passages.
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They are inscribed with the names of rulers from the First
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and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made from different kinds of stone.
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There is no agreement among scholars
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and archaeologists on why the vessels were placed in the the tomb of Jozo or what they were supposed to represent.
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The archaeologist Jean-Philippe Lauer, who excavated most of the pyramid and complex,
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believes they were originally stored and then given a proper burial by Joseph in his pyramid to honor his predecessors.
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There are other historians, however, who claim the vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet
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another attempt to prevent grave robbers from getting to the king's burial chamber.
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If, unfortunately, all of the precautions
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and intricate design of the underground network did not prevent ancient robbers from finding a way in.
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Joseph's grave boots, and even his body, were stolen at some point in the past,
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and all archaeologists' starved, were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves.
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There was enough left throughout the pyramid and its conflicts, however, to astonish and amaze the archaeologists who excavated it.
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G. Egyptologist Miroslav Vena writes, few monuments hold a place in human history as significant as that of the Steak Pyramid in Saqqara,
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it can be said without exaggeration
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that this pyramid complex constitutes a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture in Egypt
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and in the world as a whole.
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The Steak Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture
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and became the archetype which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 2». Чаще всего повторяются слова: pyramid, Egypt, monument, stone, complex. В этом видео 54 предложений и 830 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:01. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 165 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 74% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| pyramid существительное | /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/ | пирами́да |
| monument существительное | /ˈmɑnjʊmənt/ | па́мятник, монуме́нт |
| archaeologist существительное | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | архео́лог |
| robber существительное | /ˈɹɑ.bɚ/ | граби́тель, граби́тельница |
| tomb существительное | /tum/ | гробни́ца, склеп |
| meter существительное | /ˈmitəɹ/ | счётчик, измери́тель |
| historian существительное | /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/ | исто́рик |
| burial существительное | /ˈbɛɹi.əl/ | захороне́ние, погребе́ние |
| discourage глагол | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | обескура́живать, обескура́жить |
| trench существительное | /ˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/ | транше́я, око́п |
| surround глагол | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | окружа́ть, окружи́ть |
| builder существительное | /ˈbɪl.dəɹ/ | строи́тель, строи́тельница |
| scholar существительное | /ˈskɑlɚ/ | уча́щийся, учени́к |
| reign существительное | /ɹeɪ̯n/ | правле́ние, ца́рствование |
| archetype существительное | /ˈɑɹkɪtaɪp/ | архети́п, образе́ц |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | has been written · was buried · is thought |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have become · has been written · has been |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «th»: thief /ˈθiːf/, thoroughly /ˈθʌɹ.ə.li/, southeast /sawˈθɪjst/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, experimentation /ɪkˌspɛɹ.ə.mənˈteɪ.ʃən/, precaution /pɹiːˈkɔ.ʃən/, accomplishment /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ.mənt/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, experimentation /ɪkˌspɛɹ.ə.mənˈteɪ.ʃən/, monumental /ˌmɑnjəˈmɛntəl/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: inward /ˈɪnwəd/, unwanted /ʌnˈwɒntɪd/, southeast /sawˈθɪjst/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, hectare /ˈhɛk.tɛɹ/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: pyramid /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/, discourage /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, conceive /kənˈsiːv/, inscribe /ɪnˈskɹaɪb/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как pyramid, monument, archaeologist.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.