Практика Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 2 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Passage 2.
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Climate change reveals ancient artifacts in Norway's glaciers.
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A well above the treeline in Norway's highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth's climate warms.
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As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years,
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items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age traders.
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And those artifacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
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The organic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites.
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This is because unless they're protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long.
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Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artifacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years,
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but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.
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With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artifacts,
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preserve them, and study them.
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If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science,
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or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well preserved.
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The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.
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See over a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Piro of Oplund County Council,
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Norway, and James Barrett of the MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oplund,
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an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country's highest mountains.
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Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age, hunters followed.
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In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oplund, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.
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The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases,
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so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 meters.
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That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.
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Fieldwork is hard work, hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost, but very rewarding.
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You're rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention,
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discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment, says Barrett.
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Viking Age, a period of European history from around 700C to around 1050C when Scandinavian Vikings migrated throughout Europe,
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by means of trade and warfare the Stone Age, a period in early history that began about 3.4 million years ago.
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D. At the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artifacts,
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which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BC to the beginnings of of the Renaissance in the 14th century.
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Many of the artifacts are associated with hunting.
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Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home.
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Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oplund, or purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
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E. Barrett's team radiocarbon dated 153 of the artifacts
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and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region such as periods of cooling
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or warming and major social and economic shifts such as the growth of farming settlements
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and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the viking age they found
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that some periods had produced lots of artifacts which indicates
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that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times
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but there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
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F. What was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods.
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Oplund's mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold,
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glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult.
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Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the late antique Little Ice Age,
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a short period of deeper than usual cold from about 536 to 600 CE.
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But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold,
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based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.
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Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period,
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perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures, says Barrett.
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A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
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Gee, many of the artifacts Barrett's team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking age, the 700s through to the 900s CE.
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Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe, and the Middle East were expanding around this time.
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Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods traveled on overland routes,
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like the mountain passes of Oplund.
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And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hives to fight off the cold,
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as well as antlers to make useful things like cones.
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Business must have been good for hunters.
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H Norway's mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history, and prehistory, in remote ice patches.
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When Barrett's team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artifacts,
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they noticed a with almost no artifacts from about 3800 to 2200 BCE.
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In fact, archaeological finds from that period are rare all over Norway.
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The researchers say that could be because many of those artifacts have already disintegrated or are still frozen in the ice.
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That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artifacts from retreating ice in years to come.
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Passage 3.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 2». Чаще всего повторяются слова: artifacts, ice, mountain, period, archaeologists. В этом видео 64 предложений и 975 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:55. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 141 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. Только 74% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| artifact существительное | /ˈɑɹtɪfækt/ | артефа́кт |
| archaeologist существительное | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | архео́лог |
| glacier существительное | /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/ | ледни́к, гле́тчер |
| archaeological прилагательное | археологи́ческий | |
| fieldwork существительное | /ˈfiːldwɜːk/ | полевы́е рабо́ты |
| glacial прилагательное | /ˈɡleɪ.sɪəl/ | леднико́вый |
| expose глагол | /ɪkˈspoʊz/ | выставля́ть, раскрыва́ть |
| antler существительное | /ˈænt.lɚ/ | рог, рога́ |
| bedrock существительное | /ˈbɛdˌɹɑk/ | коренна́я поро́да, коренна́я подстила́ющая поро́да |
| congregate глагол | /ˈkɒŋɡɹəɡeɪt/ | собира́ть |
| daunting прилагательное | /ˈdɔntɪŋ/ | пугающий, устраша́ющий |
| discard глагол | /dɪsˈkɑɹd/ | отбра́сывать, отбро́сить |
| disintegrate глагол | /dɪsˈɪntɪɡɹeɪt/ | разлага́ться, разложи́ться |
| microorganism существительное | /ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/ | микрооргани́зм |
| migrate глагол | /maɪˈɡɹeɪt/ | мигри́ровать, соверша́ть перелёт |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| give up глагол | сдава́ться, сда́ться |
| turn out глагол | ока́зываться, оказа́ться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | be lost · might be exposed · is found |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has vanished · have provided · have meant |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: glacier /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/, stationary /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/, elevation /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃn̩/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, disintegrate /dɪsˈɪntɪɡɹeɪt/, microorganism /ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/, archaeology /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как artifact, archaeologist, glacier.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.