Shadowing Practice: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 2 - Learn English Speaking with Video

בחר מצב תרגול

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64 משפטים
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Passage 2.
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Climate change reveals ancient artifacts in Norway's glaciers.
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A well above the treeline in Norway's highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth's climate warms.
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As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years,
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items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age traders.
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And those artifacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
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The organic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites.
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This is because unless they're protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long.
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Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artifacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years,
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but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.
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With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artifacts,
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preserve them, and study them.
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If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science,
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or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well preserved.
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The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.
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See over a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Piro of Oplund County Council,
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Norway, and James Barrett of the MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oplund,
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an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country's highest mountains.
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Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age, hunters followed.
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In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oplund, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.
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The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases,
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so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 meters.
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That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.
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Fieldwork is hard work, hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost, but very rewarding.
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You're rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention,
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discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment, says Barrett.
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Viking Age, a period of European history from around 700C to around 1050C when Scandinavian Vikings migrated throughout Europe,
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by means of trade and warfare the Stone Age, a period in early history that began about 3.4 million years ago.
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D. At the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artifacts,
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which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BC to the beginnings of of the Renaissance in the 14th century.
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Many of the artifacts are associated with hunting.
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Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home.
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Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oplund, or purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
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E. Barrett's team radiocarbon dated 153 of the artifacts
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and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region such as periods of cooling
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or warming and major social and economic shifts such as the growth of farming settlements
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and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the viking age they found
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that some periods had produced lots of artifacts which indicates
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that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times
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but there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
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F. What was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods.
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Oplund's mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold,
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glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult.
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Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the late antique Little Ice Age,
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a short period of deeper than usual cold from about 536 to 600 CE.
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But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold,
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based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.
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Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period,
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perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures, says Barrett.
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A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
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Gee, many of the artifacts Barrett's team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking age, the 700s through to the 900s CE.
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Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe, and the Middle East were expanding around this time.
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Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods traveled on overland routes,
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like the mountain passes of Oplund.
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And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hives to fight off the cold,
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as well as antlers to make useful things like cones.
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Business must have been good for hunters.
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H Norway's mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history, and prehistory, in remote ice patches.
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When Barrett's team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artifacts,
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they noticed a with almost no artifacts from about 3800 to 2200 BCE.
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In fact, archaeological finds from that period are rare all over Norway.
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The researchers say that could be because many of those artifacts have already disintegrated or are still frozen in the ice.
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That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artifacts from retreating ice in years to come.
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Passage 3.

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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה

שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 2”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: artifacts, ice, mountain, period, archaeologists. בסרטון הזה יש 64 משפטים ו-975 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 6:55. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-141 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. רק 74% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.

אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה

15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:

מילההגייהמשמעות
archaeologist שם עצם/ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/אַרְכֵאוֹלוֹג, ארכאולוגית
glacier שם עצם/ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/קַרְחוֹן
microorganism שם עצם/ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/מיקרואורגניזם
permafrost שם עצם/ˈpɝməˌfɹɔst/קפאת־עד, קפאון־עד
prehistory שם עצםפרהיסטוריה
radiocarbon שם עצםרדיו־פחמן
reindeer שם עצם/ˈɹeɪndɪɹ/אייל הצפון, אַיַּל הַצָּפוֹן
archaeology שם עצם/ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ארכאולוגיה
boulder שם עצם/ˈboʊl.dɚ/גּוֹלָל
insect שם עצם/ˈɪn.sɛkt/חֶרֶק
trader שם עצם/ˈtɹeɪdɚ/סוֹחֵר
decay שם עצם/diˈkeɪ/דעיכה
cone שם עצם/ˈkoʊn/חָרוּט
fragile שם תואר/ˈfɹæd͡ʒəl/שביר
bury פועל/ˈbɛɹi/קָבַר

Phrasal verbs שתשמעו

מילהמשמעות
give up פועלוִתֵּר

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנהבסרטון
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולהbe lost · might be exposed · is found
הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיוhas vanished · have provided · have meant

הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה

  • הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: glacier /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/, stationary /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/, elevation /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃn̩/
  • מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, disintegrate /dɪsˈɪntɪɡɹeɪt/, microorganism /ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/, archaeology /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/

צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:

  • /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: fieldwork /ˈfiːldwɜːk/, windblown /ˈwɪndˌbloʊn/, swiftly /ˈswɪftli/, warfare /ˈwɔɹfɛɹ/
  • /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: artifact /ˈɑɹtɪfækt/, antler /ˈænt.lɚ/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, fragile /ˈfɹæd͡ʒəl/, systematic /ˌsɪs.tɪˈmæt.ɪk/
  • /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: artifact /ˈɑɹtɪfækt/, archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, bedrock /ˈbɛdˌɹɑk/, congregate /ˈkɒŋɡɹəɡeɪt/, discard /dɪsˈkɑɹd/

איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה

  1. הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
  2. תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
  3. הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו archaeologist, glacier, microorganism.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →