Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 2
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Passage 2.
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Climate change reveals ancient artifacts in Norway's glaciers.
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A well above the treeline in Norway's highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth's climate warms.
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As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years,
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items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age traders.
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And those artifacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
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The organic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites.
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This is because unless they're protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long.
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Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artifacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years,
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but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.
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With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artifacts,
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preserve them, and study them.
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If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science,
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or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well preserved.
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The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.
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See over a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Piro of Oplund County Council,
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Norway, and James Barrett of the MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oplund,
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an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country's highest mountains.
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Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age, hunters followed.
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In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oplund, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.
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The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases,
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so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 meters.
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That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.
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Fieldwork is hard work, hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost, but very rewarding.
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You're rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention,
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discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment, says Barrett.
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Viking Age, a period of European history from around 700C to around 1050C when Scandinavian Vikings migrated throughout Europe,
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by means of trade and warfare the Stone Age, a period in early history that began about 3.4 million years ago.
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D. At the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artifacts,
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which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BC to the beginnings of of the Renaissance in the 14th century.
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Many of the artifacts are associated with hunting.
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Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home.
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Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oplund, or purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
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E. Barrett's team radiocarbon dated 153 of the artifacts
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and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region such as periods of cooling
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or warming and major social and economic shifts such as the growth of farming settlements
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and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the viking age they found
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that some periods had produced lots of artifacts which indicates
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that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times
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but there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
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F. What was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods.
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Oplund's mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold,
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glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult.
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Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the late antique Little Ice Age,
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a short period of deeper than usual cold from about 536 to 600 CE.
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But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold,
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based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.
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Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period,
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perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures, says Barrett.
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A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
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Gee, many of the artifacts Barrett's team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking age, the 700s through to the 900s CE.
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Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe, and the Middle East were expanding around this time.
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Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods traveled on overland routes,
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like the mountain passes of Oplund.
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And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hives to fight off the cold,
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as well as antlers to make useful things like cones.
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Business must have been good for hunters.
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H Norway's mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history, and prehistory, in remote ice patches.
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When Barrett's team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artifacts,
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they noticed a with almost no artifacts from about 3800 to 2200 BCE.
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In fact, archaeological finds from that period are rare all over Norway.
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The researchers say that could be because many of those artifacts have already disintegrated or are still frozen in the ice.
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That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artifacts from retreating ice in years to come.
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Passage 3.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói trình độ C1 này dựa trên video “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 2”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: artifacts, ice, mountain, period, archaeologists. Video này có 64 câu và 975 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 6:55. Người nói giữ tốc độ đều, khoảng 141 từ mỗi phút, vừa sức để nói đuổi theo. Chỉ 74% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ khó nhất trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| glacier danh từ | /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/ | sông băng |
| discard động từ | /dɪsˈkɑɹd/ | vứt, loại bỏ |
| microorganism danh từ | /ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/ | vi trùng, vi khuẩn |
| prehistory danh từ | tiền sử, thời tiền sử | |
| reindeer danh từ | /ˈɹeɪndɪɹ/ | tuần lộc |
| archaeology danh từ | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | khảo cổ học |
| insect danh từ | /ˈɪn.sɛkt/ | sâu bọ, côn trùng |
| trader danh từ | /ˈtɹeɪdɚ/ | thương thuyền, thương gia |
| cone danh từ | /ˈkoʊn/ | nón |
| fragile tính từ | /ˈfɹæd͡ʒəl/ | dễ vỡ, dễ bể |
| bury động từ | /ˈbɛɹi/ | chôn, mai táng |
| researcher danh từ | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | nhà nghiên cứu |
| hike danh từ | /haɪk/ | cuộc đi bộ đường dài |
| frost danh từ | /fɹɔst/ | sương giá |
| melt động từ | /mɛlt/ | tan, tan chảy |
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
| Từ | Nghĩa |
|---|---|
| give up động từ | đầu hàng |
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | be lost · might be exposed · is found |
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | has vanished · have provided · have meant |
Phát âm cần chú ý
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: glacier /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/, stationary /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/, elevation /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃn̩/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, disintegrate /dɪsˈɪntɪɡɹeɪt/, microorganism /ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/, archaeology /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Nói đuổi từng câu ở tốc độ bình thường, lặp lại mỗi câu đến khi nhịp của bạn khớp với người nói.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như glacier, discard, microorganism.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.