쉐도잉 연습: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 2 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Passage 2.
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Climate change reveals ancient artifacts in Norway's glaciers.
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A well above the treeline in Norway's highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth's climate warms.
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As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years,
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items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age traders.
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And those artifacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
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The organic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites.
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This is because unless they're protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long.
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Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artifacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years,
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but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.
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With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artifacts,
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preserve them, and study them.
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If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science,
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or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well preserved.
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The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.
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See over a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Piro of Oplund County Council,
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Norway, and James Barrett of the MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oplund,
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an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country's highest mountains.
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Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age, hunters followed.
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In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oplund, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.
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The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases,
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so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1,400 meters.
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That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.
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Fieldwork is hard work, hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost, but very rewarding.
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You're rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention,
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discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment, says Barrett.
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Viking Age, a period of European history from around 700C to around 1050C when Scandinavian Vikings migrated throughout Europe,
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by means of trade and warfare the Stone Age, a period in early history that began about 3.4 million years ago.
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D. At the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artifacts,
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which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BC to the beginnings of of the Renaissance in the 14th century.
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Many of the artifacts are associated with hunting.
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Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home.
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Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oplund, or purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
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E. Barrett's team radiocarbon dated 153 of the artifacts
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and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region such as periods of cooling
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or warming and major social and economic shifts such as the growth of farming settlements
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and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the viking age they found
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that some periods had produced lots of artifacts which indicates
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that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times
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but there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
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F. What was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods.
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Oplund's mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold,
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glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult.
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Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the late antique Little Ice Age,
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a short period of deeper than usual cold from about 536 to 600 CE.
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But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold,
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based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.
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Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period,
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perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures, says Barrett.
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A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
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Gee, many of the artifacts Barrett's team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking age, the 700s through to the 900s CE.
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Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe, and the Middle East were expanding around this time.
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Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods traveled on overland routes,
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like the mountain passes of Oplund.
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And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hives to fight off the cold,
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as well as antlers to make useful things like cones.
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Business must have been good for hunters.
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H Norway's mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history, and prehistory, in remote ice patches.
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When Barrett's team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artifacts,
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they noticed a with almost no artifacts from about 3800 to 2200 BCE.
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In fact, archaeological finds from that period are rare all over Norway.
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The researchers say that could be because many of those artifacts have already disintegrated or are still frozen in the ice.
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That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artifacts from retreating ice in years to come.
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Passage 3.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 C1 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 2”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: artifacts, ice, mountain, period, archaeologists. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 64개와 단어 975개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 6:55입니다. 화자는 분당 약 141단어의 일정한 속도로 말해서 섀도잉하기에 편한 속도입니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 74%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| artifact 명사 | /ˈɑɹtɪfækt/ | 인공물 |
| archaeologist 명사 | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | 고고학자 |
| glacier 명사 | /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/ | 빙하 |
| discard 동사 | /dɪsˈkɑɹd/ | 버리다 |
| microorganism 명사 | /ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/ | 미생물 |
| permafrost 명사 | /ˈpɝməˌfɹɔst/ | 영구동토 |
| prehistory 명사 | 선사 시대, 선사학 | |
| reindeer 명사 | /ˈɹeɪndɪɹ/ | 순록 |
| vanish 동사 | /ˈvænɪʃ/ | 사라지다 |
| archaeology 명사 | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | 고고학 |
| stationary 형용사 | /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/ | 멈춰 있는 |
| boulder 명사 | /ˈboʊl.dɚ/ | 바위 |
| insect 명사 | /ˈɪn.sɛkt/ | 곤충 |
| trader 명사 | /ˈtɹeɪdɚ/ | 상인 |
| decay 명사 | /diˈkeɪ/ | 부패 |
영상에 나오는 구동사
| 단어 | 뜻 |
|---|---|
| give up 동사 | 항복하다 |
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | be lost · might be exposed · is found |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | has vanished · have provided · have meant |
주의할 발음
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: glacier /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/, stationary /ˈsteɪʃəˌnɛɹi/, elevation /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃn̩/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, disintegrate /dɪsˈɪntɪɡɹeɪt/, microorganism /ˌmaɪ.kɹoʊˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.m̩/, archaeology /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, artifact, archaeologist, glacier 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.