쉐도잉 연습: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.
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Passage 3.
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How to make wise decisions.
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Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities.
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Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests
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that it isn't an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions,
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given the right context.
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It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,
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says Associate Professor Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.
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Recent empirical findings from cognitive,
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developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts.
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Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.
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It seems that it's not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors.
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It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors, explains Grossman.
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In other words, wisdom is not solely an inner quality, but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in.
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Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.
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Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossman and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning.
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One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand.
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Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.
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Grossman and his colleagues have also found
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that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in
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our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend.
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Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on the focal features of the environment
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and when we adopt a third person observer viewpoint we reason more broadly
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and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality.
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Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.
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What are we to do then
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when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work
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that require us to take a personal stake?
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Grossman argues that even when we aren't able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.
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For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects.
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The students were instructed to imagine their career either, as if you were a distant observer, or, before your own eyes as if you were right there.
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Participants in the group assigned to the distant observer role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning, intellectual humility and recognition of change,
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than did participants in the control group.
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In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider
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or from their own perspective.
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Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it.
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Couples in the others' eyes condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning,
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recognizing others' perspectives and searching for a compromise compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.
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Ego decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change, says Grossman.
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We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits,
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but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness.
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It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next,
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and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment
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and its social and effective outcomes as compared to the generalized traits grossman explains
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that is knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions
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or likelihood to forgive or retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise in general
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 C1 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: wisdom, wise, grossman, situation, perspective. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 47개와 단어 776개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 4:40입니다. 화자는 분당 약 167단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 74%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| trait 명사 | /tɹeɪt/ | 특징 |
| humility 명사 | /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/ | 겸손 |
| participant 명사 | /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/ | 참가자 |
| empirical 형용사 | /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/ | 실증적인 |
| colleague 명사 | /ˈkɒliːɡ/ | 동료, 동업자 |
| possess 동사 | /pəˈzɛs/ | 소지하다, 소유하다 |
| egocentric 형용사 | /ˌiːɡəʊˈsɛntɹɪk/ | 자기중심적인 |
| microbe 명사 | /ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/ | 미생물 |
| revere 동사 | /ɹɪˈvɪə(ɹ)/ | 존경하다 |
| unfold 동사 | /ʌnˈfoʊld/ | 펴다 |
| outsider 명사 | /ˌaʊtˈsaɪdəɹ/ | 외부인, 아웃사이더 |
| philosopher 명사 | /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ | 철학자 |
| attribute 명사 | /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/ | 속성, 특질 |
| recession 명사 | /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/ | 불황, 후퇴 |
| likelihood 명사 | /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ | 가능성 |
영상에 나오는 구동사
| 단어 | 뜻 |
|---|---|
| write down 동사 | 적다, 적어 두다 |
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | has been considered · can be enhanced · were asked |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | has been considered · have identified · have also found |
주의할 발음
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: unfold /ʌnˈfoʊld/, informative /ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/, focal /ˈfoʊ.kl̩/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, confront /kənˈfɹʌnt/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: viewpoint /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/, observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, expansive /ɪkˈspænsɪv/, revere /ɹɪˈvɪə(ɹ)/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: wisely /ˈwaɪzli/, observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, possess /pəˈzɛs/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, crystallize /ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, trait, humility, participant 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.