Pratique du Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3 - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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47 phrases
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of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.
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Passage 3.
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How to make wise decisions.
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Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities.
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Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests
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that it isn't an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions,
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given the right context.
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It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,
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says Associate Professor Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.
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Recent empirical findings from cognitive,
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developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts.
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Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.
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It seems that it's not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors.
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It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors, explains Grossman.
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In other words, wisdom is not solely an inner quality, but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in.
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Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.
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Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossman and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning.
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One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand.
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Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.
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Grossman and his colleagues have also found
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that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in
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our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend.
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Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on the focal features of the environment
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and when we adopt a third person observer viewpoint we reason more broadly
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and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality.
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Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.
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What are we to do then
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when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work
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that require us to take a personal stake?
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Grossman argues that even when we aren't able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.
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For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects.
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The students were instructed to imagine their career either, as if you were a distant observer, or, before your own eyes as if you were right there.
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Participants in the group assigned to the distant observer role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning, intellectual humility and recognition of change,
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than did participants in the control group.
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In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider
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or from their own perspective.
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Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it.
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Couples in the others' eyes condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning,
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recognizing others' perspectives and searching for a compromise compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.
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Ego decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change, says Grossman.
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We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits,
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but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness.
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It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next,
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and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment
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and its social and effective outcomes as compared to the generalized traits grossman explains
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that is knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions
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or likelihood to forgive or retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise in general

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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3 ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : wisdom, wise, grossman, situation, perspective. Cette vidéo contient 47 phrases et 776 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:40. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 167 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 74 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

MotPrononciationSens
trait nom/tɹeɪt/trait
contextual adjectifcontextuel
humility nom/hjuːˈmɪlɪti/humilité
wisely adverbe/ˈwaɪzli/sagement, savamment
participant nom/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/participant, participante
observer nom/əbˈzɝvɚ/observateur
experiential adjectif/ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/expérientiel, expérienciel
instruct verbe/ɪnˈstɹʌkt/instruire, enseigner
situational adjectif/sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/situationnel
empirical adjectif/ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/empirique
colleague nom/ˈkɒliːɡ/collègue, confrère
possess verbe/pəˈzɛs/posséder
characterize verbe/ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/caractériser, dépeindre
crystallize verbe/ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/cristalliser
egocentric adjectif/ˌiːɡəʊˈsɛntɹɪk/égocentrique

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

MotSens
come up with verbeinventer, imaginer
write down verbenoter, écrire

La grammaire de cette vidéo

Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :

StructureDans la vidéo
Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le faithas been considered · can be enhanced · were asked
Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenanthas been considered · have identified · have also found

Prononciation à surveiller

  • Les sons « sh » et « zh »: experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
  • Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/

Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :

  • /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/
  • /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: trait /tɹeɪt/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, instruct /ɪnˈstɹʌkt/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

  1. Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
  2. Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
  3. Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme trait, contextual, humility.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →