Prática de Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.
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Passage 3.
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How to make wise decisions.
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Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities.
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Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests
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that it isn't an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions,
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given the right context.
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It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,
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says Associate Professor Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.
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Recent empirical findings from cognitive,
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developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts.
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Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.
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It seems that it's not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors.
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It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors, explains Grossman.
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In other words, wisdom is not solely an inner quality, but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in.
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Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.
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Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossman and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning.
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One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand.
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Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.
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Grossman and his colleagues have also found
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that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in
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our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend.
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Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on the focal features of the environment
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and when we adopt a third person observer viewpoint we reason more broadly
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and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality.
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Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.
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What are we to do then
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when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work
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that require us to take a personal stake?
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Grossman argues that even when we aren't able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.
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For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects.
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The students were instructed to imagine their career either, as if you were a distant observer, or, before your own eyes as if you were right there.
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Participants in the group assigned to the distant observer role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning, intellectual humility and recognition of change,
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than did participants in the control group.
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In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider
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or from their own perspective.
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Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it.
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Couples in the others' eyes condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning,
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recognizing others' perspectives and searching for a compromise compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.
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Ego decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change, says Grossman.
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We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits,
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but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness.
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It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next,
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and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment
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and its social and effective outcomes as compared to the generalized traits grossman explains
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that is knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions
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or likelihood to forgive or retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise in general
📺 Mesmo canal
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3”. As palavras que mais se repetem: wisdom, wise, grossman, situation, perspective. Este vídeo tem 47 frases e 776 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:40. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 167 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 74% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:

PalavraPronúnciaSignificado
trait substantivo/tɹeɪt/traço, peculiaridade
contextual adjetivocontextual
humility substantivo/hjuːˈmɪlɪti/humildade
wisely advérbio/ˈwaɪzli/sabiamente
participant substantivo/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/participante
observer substantivo/əbˈzɝvɚ/observador
experiential adjetivo/ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/experiencial
empirical adjetivo/ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/empírico
colleague substantivo/ˈkɒliːɡ/colega
possess verbo/pəˈzɛs/possuir, ter
characterize verbo/ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/caracterizar, caraterizar
crystallize verbo/ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/cristalizar
egocentric adjetivo/ˌiːɡəʊˈsɛntɹɪk/egocêntrico, egocêntrica
expansive adjetivo/ɪkˈspænsɪv/expansivo
generalize verbo/ˈd͡ʒɛn.(ə.)ɹə.laɪz/generalizar

Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir

PalavraSignificado
come up with verbopensar (em), alcançar
write down verboanotar

Gramática neste vídeo

As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:

EstruturaNo vídeo
Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem fazhas been considered · can be enhanced · were asked
Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agorahas been considered · have identified · have also found

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

  • Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
  • Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/

Sons difíceis para falantes de português:

  • Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: trait /tɹeɪt/, viewpoint /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, instruct /ɪnˈstɹʌkt/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/
  • /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/, conceptual /kənˈsɛp.tjʊəl/, developmental /dɪˌvɛləpˈmɛntəl/
  • /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/

Como praticar com este vídeo

  1. Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
  2. Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
  3. Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como trait, contextual, humility.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →