Prática de Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 1.
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Passage 1.
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Why we need to protect polar bears.
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Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences.
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They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach minus 40 degrees Celsius.
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One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimeters of fat underneath their skin.
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Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease.
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Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.
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A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery.
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They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears.
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This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth.
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Lure and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as a POV, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins, LDLs, a form of bad cholesterol.
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In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease.
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Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.
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The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation, osteoporosis.
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This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation.
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Bone tissue is constantly being remodeled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is under.
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Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy.
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Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs.
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This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves.
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Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.
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Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Alan Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008.
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They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens.
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In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density.
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Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring.
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If the mechanism of bone remodeling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans and even astronauts could potentially benefit.
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The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration.
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We tend to want to protect animals with their power intelligence and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates.
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Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent.
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And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities.
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A male bear called Gogo in Tinojizu, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment.
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The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out his reach.
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Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with Gogo.
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A calculated move by a male bear involved running
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and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform 4 meters high.
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In other studies, such as one by Allison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focused manipulation.
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For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game.
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The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviors.
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These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.
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As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to head out at ice and snow,
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seemingly out of frustration, when they have just missed out on a kill.
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Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic.
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Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Eiji has formed a close
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relationship with her owner-marked Duma to the point where they even swim together.
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This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.
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If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human nursing,
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but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1”. As palavras que mais se repetem: bear, polar, bone, density, disease. Este vídeo tem 47 frases e 818 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:23. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 152 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 72% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| anecdotal adjetivo | [ˌænɪkˈdəʊ̯tɫ̩] | anedótico |
| remodel verbo | remodelar | |
| disappearance substantivo | /dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/ | desaparição, desaparecimento |
| calcium substantivo | /ˈkælsi.əm/ | cálcio |
| colleague substantivo | /ˈkɒliːɡ/ | colega |
| den substantivo | /ˈdɛn/ | enxovia |
| observe verbo | /əbˈzɜːv/ | seguir, acompanhar |
| consequence substantivo | /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/ | consequência, resultado |
| adipose adjetivo | /ˈæd.ɪ.poʊs/ | adiposo |
| astonish verbo | /əˈstɑnɪʃ/ | surpreender, pasmar |
| bedridden adjetivo | /ˈbɛdɹɪdən/ | acamado |
| deplete verbo | /dɪˈplit/ | exaurir, esgotar |
| hibernate verbo | /ˈhaɪbəɹˌneɪt/ | hibernar |
| lipoprotein substantivo | /ˌlai.poʊˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/ | lipoproteína |
| osteoporosis substantivo | /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/ | osteoporose |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| come around verbo | /kʌ.məˈɹaʊnd/ | mudar de ideia |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | would be considered · are associated · being remodeled |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have allowed · has even been observed · has also been witnessed |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
- Os sons de “th”: breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: disappearance /dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/, lipoprotein /ˌlai.poʊˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/, osteoporosis /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, maternity /məˈtɜɹnəti/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/, deplete /dɪˈplit/, hibernate /ˈhaɪbəɹˌneɪt/, primate /ˈpɹaɪmeɪt/, nutrient /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como anecdotal, remodel, disappearance.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.