Shadowing Practice: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1 - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 1.
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Passage 1.
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Why we need to protect polar bears.
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Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences.
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They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach minus 40 degrees Celsius.
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One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimeters of fat underneath their skin.
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Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease.
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Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.
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A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery.
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They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears.
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This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth.
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Lure and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as a POV, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins, LDLs, a form of bad cholesterol.
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In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease.
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Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.
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The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation, osteoporosis.
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This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation.
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Bone tissue is constantly being remodeled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is under.
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Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy.
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Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs.
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This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves.
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Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.
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Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Alan Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008.
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They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens.
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In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density.
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Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring.
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If the mechanism of bone remodeling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans and even astronauts could potentially benefit.
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The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration.
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We tend to want to protect animals with their power intelligence and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates.
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Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent.
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And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities.
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A male bear called Gogo in Tinojizu, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment.
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The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out his reach.
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Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with Gogo.
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A calculated move by a male bear involved running
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and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform 4 meters high.
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In other studies, such as one by Allison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focused manipulation.
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For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game.
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The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviors.
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These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.
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As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to head out at ice and snow,
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seemingly out of frustration, when they have just missed out on a kill.
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Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic.
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Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Eiji has formed a close
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relationship with her owner-marked Duma to the point where they even swim together.
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This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.
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If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human nursing,
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but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal.
Uygulamayı İndir
Akıcı konuşmak için ihtiyacınız olan her şey
AI TelaffuzHer cümleyi puanla
IPA AlıştırmasıHer sesi ustalaştır
Kelime BilgisiKelime bankanızı oluşturun
Kelime OyunuOynarken öğrenin
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 1” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: bear, polar, bone, density, disease. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 47 cümle ve 818 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 5:23 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 152 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin yalnızca %72’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| calcium isim | /ˈkælsi.əm/ | kalsiyum |
| colleague isim | /ˈkɒliːɡ/ | çalışma arkadaşı, meslektaş |
| den isim | /ˈdɛn/ | in, sofa |
| consequence isim | /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/ | sonuç, netice |
| bedridden sıfat | /ˈbɛdɹɪdən/ | yatalak |
| hibernate fiil | /ˈhaɪbəɹˌneɪt/ | kış uykusuna yatmak |
| osteoporosis isim | /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/ | osteoporoz, kemik erimesi |
| primate isim | /ˈpɹaɪmeɪt/ | primat |
| nutrient isim | /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/ | besin |
| starvation isim | /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/ | açlık |
| calorie isim | /ˈkæləɹi/ | kalori |
| astronaut isim | /ˈæstɹəˌnɔt/ | astronot, uzay adamı |
| paradox isim | /ˈpæ.ɹəˌdɒks/ | paradoks, çelişki |
| mutation isim | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutasyon |
| lure isim | /lʊə/ | câzibe, çığırtkan |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | would be considered · are associated · being remodeled |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have allowed · has even been observed · has also been witnessed |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
- “th” sesleri: breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: disappearance /dɪsəˈpɪəɹəns/, lipoprotein /ˌlai.poʊˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/, osteoporosis /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/, reformation /ˌɹɛf.əɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, maternity /məˈtɜɹnəti/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: primate /ˈpɹaɪmeɪt/, starvation /stɑɹˈveɪʃən/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: anecdotal [ˌænɪkˈdəʊ̯tɫ̩], calcium /ˈkælsi.əm/, adipose /ˈæd.ɪ.poʊs/, calorie /ˈkæləɹi/, astronaut /ˈæstɹəˌnɔt/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; calcium, colleague, den gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.