Shadowing Practice: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3 - Learn English Speaking with Video
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of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.
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Passage 3.
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How to make wise decisions.
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Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities.
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Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests
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that it isn't an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions,
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given the right context.
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It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,
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says Associate Professor Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.
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Recent empirical findings from cognitive,
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developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts.
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Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.
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It seems that it's not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors.
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It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors, explains Grossman.
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In other words, wisdom is not solely an inner quality, but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in.
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Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.
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Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossman and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning.
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One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand.
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Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.
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Grossman and his colleagues have also found
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that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in
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our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend.
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Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on the focal features of the environment
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and when we adopt a third person observer viewpoint we reason more broadly
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and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality.
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Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.
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What are we to do then
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when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work
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that require us to take a personal stake?
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Grossman argues that even when we aren't able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.
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For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects.
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The students were instructed to imagine their career either, as if you were a distant observer, or, before your own eyes as if you were right there.
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Participants in the group assigned to the distant observer role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning, intellectual humility and recognition of change,
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than did participants in the control group.
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In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider
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or from their own perspective.
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Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it.
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Couples in the others' eyes condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning,
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recognizing others' perspectives and searching for a compromise compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.
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Ego decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change, says Grossman.
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We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits,
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but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness.
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It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next,
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and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment
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and its social and effective outcomes as compared to the generalized traits grossman explains
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that is knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions
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or likelihood to forgive or retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise in general
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: wisdom, wise, grossman, situation, perspective. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 47 cümle ve 776 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 4:40 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 167 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin yalnızca %74’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| trait isim | /tɹeɪt/ | özellik, vasıf |
| humility isim | /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/ | tevazu |
| wisely zarf | /ˈwaɪzli/ | akıllıca, bilgece |
| participant isim | /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/ | katılımcı, iştirakçı |
| observer isim | /əbˈzɝvɚ/ | gözlemci |
| colleague isim | /ˈkɒliːɡ/ | çalışma arkadaşı, meslektaş |
| possess fiil | /pəˈzɛs/ | malik olmak, sahip olmak |
| characterize fiil | /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/ | karakterize etmek |
| egocentric sıfat | /ˌiːɡəʊˈsɛntɹɪk/ | benci, benmerkezcil |
| microbe isim | /ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/ | mikrop |
| retaliate fiil | /ɹɪˈtæl.i.eɪt/ | misilleme yapmak |
| revere fiil | /ɹɪˈvɪə(ɹ)/ | saygı duymak |
| visualize fiil | /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/ | tasavvur etmek |
| outsider isim | /ˌaʊtˈsaɪdəɹ/ | dışlanan, hariç tutulan |
| philosopher isim | /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ | felsefeci, filozof |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | has been considered · can be enhanced · were asked |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | has been considered · have identified · have also found |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: trait /tɹeɪt/, humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, viewpoint /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/, crystallize /ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/, broadly /ˈbɹɔːdli/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: expansive /ɪkˈspænsɪv/, retaliate /ɹɪˈtæl.i.eɪt/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; trait, humility, wisely gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.