跟讀練習: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3 - 通過影片學習英語口語

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47 句

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of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.

Passage 3.

How to make wise decisions.

Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities.

Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests

that it isn't an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions,

given the right context.

It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,

says Associate Professor Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.

Recent empirical findings from cognitive,

developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts.

Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.

It seems that it's not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors.

It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors, explains Grossman.

In other words, wisdom is not solely an inner quality, but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in.

Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.

Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossman and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning.

One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand.

Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.

Grossman and his colleagues have also found

that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in

our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend.

Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on the focal features of the environment

and when we adopt a third person observer viewpoint we reason more broadly

and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality.

Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.

What are we to do then

when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work

that require us to take a personal stake?

Grossman argues that even when we aren't able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.

For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects.

The students were instructed to imagine their career either, as if you were a distant observer, or, before your own eyes as if you were right there.

Participants in the group assigned to the distant observer role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning, intellectual humility and recognition of change,

than did participants in the control group.

In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider

or from their own perspective.

Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it.

Couples in the others' eyes condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning,

recognizing others' perspectives and searching for a compromise compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.

Ego decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change, says Grossman.

We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits,

but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness.

It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next,

and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment

and its social and effective outcomes as compared to the generalized traits grossman explains

that is knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions

or likelihood to forgive or retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise in general

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：wisdom, wise, grossman, situation, perspective。這段影片共有 47 個句子、776 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 4:40。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 167 個詞，接近日常對話。只有 74% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
trait 名詞	/tɹeɪt/	特徵 /特徵
humility 名詞	/hjuːˈmɪlɪti/	謙卑 /謙卑, 謙遜 /謙遜
participant 名詞	/pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/	參加者 /參加者, 參與者 /參與者
observer 名詞	/əbˈzɝvɚ/	觀察者 /觀察者
experiential 形容詞	/ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/	來自經驗的
instruct 動詞	/ɪnˈstɹʌkt/	教, 教育
empirical 形容詞	/ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/	經驗 /經驗
colleague 名詞	/ˈkɒliːɡ/	同事, 同僚
possess 動詞	/pəˈzɛs/	抱有, 具備
characterize 動詞	/ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/	塑造
crystallize 動詞	/ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/	結晶 /結晶
egocentric 形容詞	/ˌiːɡəʊˈsɛntɹɪk/	自我中心的, 利己主義的
generalize 動詞	/ˈd͡ʒɛn.(ə.)ɹə.laɪz/	籠統而談 /籠統而談
interpersonal 形容詞		人際的 /人際的, 人與人之間的 /人與人之間的
microbe 名詞	/ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/	微生物

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
come up with 動詞	想出, 提出
write down 動詞	寫下來 /寫下來, 寫下 /寫下

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	has been considered · can be enhanced · were asked
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	has been considered · have identified · have also found

需要注意的發音

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
長單詞——注意重音位置: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: viewpoint /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/, observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, expansive /ɪkˈspænsɪv/, revere /ɹɪˈvɪə(ɹ)/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: trait /tɹeɪt/, viewpoint /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, instruct /ɪnˈstɹʌkt/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/, crystallize /ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/, generalize /ˈd͡ʒɛn.(ə.)ɹə.laɪz/, retaliate /ɹɪˈtæl.i.eɪt/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 trait, humility, participant 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3 - 通過影片學習英語口語

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