跟讀練習: Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1 - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Cambridge 16, IELTS Reading Test 4.

Passage 1.

Roman Tunnels.

The Romans, who once controlled areas of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor, adopted the construction techniques of other civilizations to build tunnels in their territories.

The Persians, who lived in present-day Iran, were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in dry areas.

In the early 1st millennium BCE, they introduced the Canet method of tunnel construction, which consisted of placing posts over a hill in a straight line to ensure

that the tunnel kept to its root and then digging vertical shafts down into the ground at regular intervals.

Underground, workers removed the air from between the ends of the shafts, creating a tunnel.

The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation during the work.

Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal, which supplied water for human use.

Remarkably, some canets built by the persians 2 700 years ago

are still in use today they later passed on their knowledge

to the romans who also used the cannet method to construct

water supply tunnels for agriculture roman cannet tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug at intervals of between 30

and 60 meters the shafts were equipped with handholds

and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid.

To ensure that the shafts were vertical, Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft

and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft.

Plumb lines were also used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel.

The 5.6 kilometer long Claudius tunnel, built in 41 CE to drain the Fusine Lake in central Italy,

had shafts that were up to 122 meters deep, took 11 years to build and involved approximately 30,000 workers.

By the 6th century BCE, a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-excavation method,

in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends.

It was used to cut through high mountains when the Kanat method was not a practical alternative.

This method required greater planning and advanced knowledge of surveying, mathematics and geometry as both ends of a tunnel had to meet correctly at the center of the mountain.

Adjustments to the direction of the tunnel also had to be made whenever builders encountered geological problems

or when it deviated from its set path.

They constantly checked the tunnel's advancing direction, for example, by looking back at the light that penetrated through the tunnel mouth, and make corrections whenever necessary.

Large deviations could happen, and they could result in one end of the tunnel not being usable.

An inscription written on the side of a 428-meter tunnel built

by the Romans as part of the Salve aqueduct system in

modern-day Algeria describes how the two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain

and how the later construction of lateral link between both corridors corrected the initial error.

The Romans dug tunnels for their roads using the counter-excavation method whenever they encountered obstacles such as hills

or mountains that were too high for roads to pass over.

An example is the 37-meter-long, 6-meter-high, Furlopass tunnel built in Italy in 69-79 CE.

Remarkably, a modern road still uses this tunnel today.

Tunnels were also built for mineral extraction.

Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels underground.

Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolokoti mines in Wales.

When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction, construction required less planning, as the tunnel route was determined by the mineral vein.

Roman tunnel projects were carefully planned and carried out.

The length of time it took to construct a tunnel depended on the method being used

and the type of rock being excavated.

The Canet construction method was usually faster than the counter excavation method as it was more straightforward.

This was because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths but also from shafts.

The type of rock could also influence construction times.

When the rock was hard,

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 B2 級別的口語課以影片“Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：tunnel, shaft, method, roman, construction。這段影片共有 48 個句子、731 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 4:40。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 157 個詞，接近日常對話。只有 75% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
shaft 名詞	/ˈʃɑːft/	杆
construct 動詞	/ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/	建造, 建設 /建設
mineral 名詞	/ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/	礦物 /礦物
metre 名詞	/ˈmiːtəɹ/	米, 公尺
vertical 形容詞	/ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/	豎的 /豎的, 垂直
plum 名詞	/plʌm/	李子
vein 名詞	/veɪn/	靜脈 /靜脈
interval 名詞	/ˈɪntɚvəl/	間隔 /間隔, 間隙 /間隙
builder 名詞	/ˈbɪl.dəɹ/	建築工人 /建築工人, 建築工 /建築工
civilization 名詞	/ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	文明
meter 名詞	/ˈmitəɹ/	計量表 /計量表
aqueduct 名詞	/ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/	水渠
deviation 名詞	/ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/	偏離 /偏離
hillside 名詞	/ˈhɪlˌsaɪd/	半山腰
kilometre 名詞	/kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/	千米, 公里

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
carry out 動詞	/ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/	進行 /進行

需要注意的發音

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: remarkably /ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, ventilation /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: excavate /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/, excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, vertical /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/, vein /veɪn/, interval /ˈɪntɚvəl/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, construct /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/, excavate /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/, aqueduct /ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/, deviate /ˈdiː.vi.eɪt/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: mineral /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/, remarkably /ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/, builder /ˈbɪl.dəɹ/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 shaft, construct, mineral 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1 - 通過影片學習英語口語

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