쉐도잉 연습: Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Cambridge 16, IELTS Reading Test 4.
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Passage 1.
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Roman Tunnels.
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The Romans, who once controlled areas of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor, adopted the construction techniques of other civilizations to build tunnels in their territories.
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The Persians, who lived in present-day Iran, were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in dry areas.
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In the early 1st millennium BCE, they introduced the Canet method of tunnel construction, which consisted of placing posts over a hill in a straight line to ensure
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that the tunnel kept to its root and then digging vertical shafts down into the ground at regular intervals.
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Underground, workers removed the air from between the ends of the shafts, creating a tunnel.
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The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation during the work.
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Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal, which supplied water for human use.
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Remarkably, some canets built by the persians 2 700 years ago
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are still in use today they later passed on their knowledge
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to the romans who also used the cannet method to construct
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water supply tunnels for agriculture roman cannet tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug at intervals of between 30
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and 60 meters the shafts were equipped with handholds
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and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid.
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To ensure that the shafts were vertical, Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft
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and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft.
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Plumb lines were also used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel.
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The 5.6 kilometer long Claudius tunnel, built in 41 CE to drain the Fusine Lake in central Italy,
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had shafts that were up to 122 meters deep, took 11 years to build and involved approximately 30,000 workers.
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By the 6th century BCE, a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-excavation method,
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in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends.
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It was used to cut through high mountains when the Kanat method was not a practical alternative.
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This method required greater planning and advanced knowledge of surveying, mathematics and geometry as both ends of a tunnel had to meet correctly at the center of the mountain.
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Adjustments to the direction of the tunnel also had to be made whenever builders encountered geological problems
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or when it deviated from its set path.
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They constantly checked the tunnel's advancing direction, for example, by looking back at the light that penetrated through the tunnel mouth, and make corrections whenever necessary.
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Large deviations could happen, and they could result in one end of the tunnel not being usable.
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An inscription written on the side of a 428-meter tunnel built
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by the Romans as part of the Salve aqueduct system in
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modern-day Algeria describes how the two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain
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and how the later construction of lateral link between both corridors corrected the initial error.
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The Romans dug tunnels for their roads using the counter-excavation method whenever they encountered obstacles such as hills
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or mountains that were too high for roads to pass over.
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An example is the 37-meter-long, 6-meter-high, Furlopass tunnel built in Italy in 69-79 CE.
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Remarkably, a modern road still uses this tunnel today.
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Tunnels were also built for mineral extraction.
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Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels underground.
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Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolokoti mines in Wales.
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When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction, construction required less planning, as the tunnel route was determined by the mineral vein.
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Roman tunnel projects were carefully planned and carried out.
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The length of time it took to construct a tunnel depended on the method being used
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and the type of rock being excavated.
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The Canet construction method was usually faster than the counter excavation method as it was more straightforward.
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This was because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths but also from shafts.
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The type of rock could also influence construction times.
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When the rock was hard,
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 B2 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: tunnel, shaft, method, roman, construction. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 48개와 단어 731개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 4:40입니다. 화자는 분당 약 157단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 75%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| mineral 명사 | /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/ | 광물 |
| metre 명사 | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | 미터, 메터 |
| vertical 형용사 | /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/ | 수직의 |
| plum 명사 | /plʌm/ | 자두, 서양자두 |
| vein 명사 | /veɪn/ | 정맥 |
| interval 명사 | /ˈɪntɚvəl/ | 간격 |
| builder 명사 | /ˈbɪl.dəɹ/ | 건축업자, 건설자 |
| civilization 명사 | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | 문명 |
| meter 명사 | /ˈmitəɹ/ | 계량기 |
| aqueduct 명사 | /ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/ | 수도교 |
| kilometre 명사 | /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/ | 킬로미터 |
| penetrate 동사 | /ˈpɛnɪtɹeɪt/ | 침투하다 |
| miner 명사 | /ˈmaɪnə(ɹ)/ | 광부 |
| ventilation 명사 | /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | 통풍, 환기 |
| millennium 명사 | /mɪˈlɛnɪəm/ | 천년, 천년기 |
영상에 나오는 구동사
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| carry out 동사 | /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ | 실행하다, 행하다 |
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + 동사 — 지금은 아닌 과거의 습관이나 상태 | used to measure · used to mine |
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | was taken · was completed · were constructed |
주의할 발음
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: remarkably /ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, ventilation /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, foothold /ˈfʊthoʊld/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: excavate /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/, excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, vertical /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/, vein /veɪn/, interval /ˈɪntɚvəl/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, usable /ˈjuː.zə.bəl/, corrections /kəˈɹɛkʃənz/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, mineral, metre, vertical 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.