Shadowing Practice: Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1 - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Cambridge 16, IELTS Reading Test 4.
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Passage 1.
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Roman Tunnels.
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The Romans, who once controlled areas of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor, adopted the construction techniques of other civilizations to build tunnels in their territories.
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The Persians, who lived in present-day Iran, were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in dry areas.
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In the early 1st millennium BCE, they introduced the Canet method of tunnel construction, which consisted of placing posts over a hill in a straight line to ensure
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that the tunnel kept to its root and then digging vertical shafts down into the ground at regular intervals.
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Underground, workers removed the air from between the ends of the shafts, creating a tunnel.
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The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation during the work.
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Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal, which supplied water for human use.
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Remarkably, some canets built by the persians 2 700 years ago
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are still in use today they later passed on their knowledge
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to the romans who also used the cannet method to construct
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water supply tunnels for agriculture roman cannet tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug at intervals of between 30
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and 60 meters the shafts were equipped with handholds
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and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid.
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To ensure that the shafts were vertical, Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft
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and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft.
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Plumb lines were also used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel.
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The 5.6 kilometer long Claudius tunnel, built in 41 CE to drain the Fusine Lake in central Italy,
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had shafts that were up to 122 meters deep, took 11 years to build and involved approximately 30,000 workers.
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By the 6th century BCE, a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-excavation method,
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in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends.
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It was used to cut through high mountains when the Kanat method was not a practical alternative.
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This method required greater planning and advanced knowledge of surveying, mathematics and geometry as both ends of a tunnel had to meet correctly at the center of the mountain.
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Adjustments to the direction of the tunnel also had to be made whenever builders encountered geological problems
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or when it deviated from its set path.
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They constantly checked the tunnel's advancing direction, for example, by looking back at the light that penetrated through the tunnel mouth, and make corrections whenever necessary.
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Large deviations could happen, and they could result in one end of the tunnel not being usable.
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An inscription written on the side of a 428-meter tunnel built
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by the Romans as part of the Salve aqueduct system in
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modern-day Algeria describes how the two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain
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and how the later construction of lateral link between both corridors corrected the initial error.
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The Romans dug tunnels for their roads using the counter-excavation method whenever they encountered obstacles such as hills
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or mountains that were too high for roads to pass over.
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An example is the 37-meter-long, 6-meter-high, Furlopass tunnel built in Italy in 69-79 CE.
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Remarkably, a modern road still uses this tunnel today.
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Tunnels were also built for mineral extraction.
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Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels underground.
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Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolokoti mines in Wales.
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When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction, construction required less planning, as the tunnel route was determined by the mineral vein.
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Roman tunnel projects were carefully planned and carried out.
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The length of time it took to construct a tunnel depended on the method being used
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and the type of rock being excavated.
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The Canet construction method was usually faster than the counter excavation method as it was more straightforward.
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This was because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths but also from shafts.
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The type of rock could also influence construction times.
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When the rock was hard,

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles op niveau B2 is gebaseerd op de video “Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 1”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: tunnel, shaft, method, roman, construction. Deze video bevat 48 zinnen en 731 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 4:40. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 157 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 75% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

WoordUitspraakBetekenis
shaft zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈʃɑːft/schacht
mineral zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/delfstof, mineraal
excavate werkwoord/ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/uithollen
excavation zelfstandig naamwoord/ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/afgraving
metre zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈmiːtəɹ/meter
vertical bijvoeglijk naamwoord/ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəl/verticaal
plum zelfstandig naamwoord/plʌm/donkerrood, pruim
vein zelfstandig naamwoord/veɪn/ader
remarkably bijwoord/ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/opmerkelijk
interval zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈɪntɚvəl/interval
extraction zelfstandig naamwoord/ɪkˈstɹækʃən/extractie
builder zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈbɪl.dəɹ/bouwer, bouwster
civilization zelfstandig naamwoord/ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/beschaving
meter zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈmitəɹ/meter, teller
aqueduct zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/aquaduct

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

WoordUitspraakBetekenis
carry out werkwoord/ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/uitvoeren

Uitspraak om op te letten

  • De klanken “sh” en “zh”: shaft /ˈʃɑːft/, excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/
  • Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: remarkably /ɹɪˈmɑɹkəbli/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, deviation /ˌdiː.viˈeɪʃən/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, ventilation /ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

  • Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: foothold /ˈfʊthoʊld/, hillside /ˈhɪlˌsaɪd/, corrections /kəˈɹɛkʃənz/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/
  • /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: extraction /ɪkˈstɹækʃən/, aqueduct /ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/, lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
  • /w/ — met ronde lippen: aqueduct /ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/, equip /ɪˈkwɪp/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/

Zo oefen je met deze video

  1. Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
  2. Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
  3. Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als shaft, mineral, excavate.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →