Shadowing Practice: Cambridge IELTS 15 Test 4 Reading Passage 2 - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Silbo Gomero, the Whistle, Language, of the Canary Islands La Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa.
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This small volcanic island is mountainous, with steep rocky slopes and deep wooded ravines, rising to 1,487 meters at its highest peak.
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It is also home to the best known of the world's whistle languages, a means of transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island.
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This language, known as silbo or silbo gomero, from the Spanish word for whistle, is now shedding light on the language processing abilities of the human brain, according to scientists.
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Researchers say that silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language, suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds as language.
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Science has developed the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to language, and we are starting to understand the scope of signals that can be recognized as language,
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says David Carina, co-author of a recent study and associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle.
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Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into whistles which have high and low frequency tones.
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A whistler, or silbador, puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the whistle's pitch, while the other hand can be cupped to adjust the direction of the sound.
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There is much more ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the spoken signal, explains lead researcher Manuel Carreras, psychology professor at the University of La Laguna on the Canary Island of Tenerife.
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Because whistled, words, can be hard to distinguish, silbadores rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to make themselves understood.
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The silbadores of Gamera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain folk, and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometers.
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Carreras explains that silbadores are able to pass a surprising amount of information via their whistles.
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In daily life, they use whistles to communicate short commands, but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.
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Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.
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The study team used neuroimaging equipment to contrast the brain activity of silbadores while listening to whistled and spoken Spanish.
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Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is usually associated with spoken language, was engaged during the processing of Silbo.
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The researchers found that other key regions in the brain's frontal lobe also responded to the whistles, including those activated in response to sign language among deaf people.
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When the experiments were repeated with non-whistlers, however, activation was observed in all areas of the brain.
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Our results provide more evidence about the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms, Carina says.
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These data suggest that left hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for communicative purposes, independent of the modality of signal.
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The non-Silbo speakers were not recognizing Silbo as a language.
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They had nothing to grab onto, so multiple areas of their brains were activated.
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Carreras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that indigenous canaries islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century.
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Whistled languages survive today in Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Vietnam, Guyana, China, Nepal, Senegal, and a few mountainous pockets in Southern Europe.
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There are thought to be as many as 70 whistled languages still in use, though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically.
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This form of communication is an adaptation found among cultures where people are often isolated from each other, according to Julian Meyer, a researcher at the Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon, France.
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They are mostly used in mountains or dense forests, he says.
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Whistled languages are quite clearly defined and represent an original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs of isolated human groups.
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But with modern communication technology now widely available, researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction.
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With dwindling numbers of Gomorran silbadores still left in the language, Canary's authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its survival.
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Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been taught in all of the island's elementary schools.
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In addition, locals are seeking assistance from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO.
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The local authorities are trying to get an award from the organization to declare Silbo Gomero as something that should be preserved for humanity, Carreras adds.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze video bevat 34 zinnen en 772 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 4:49. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 160 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 73% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| whistle zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈwɪs(ə)l/ | fluitje |
| researcher zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | onderzoeker |
| activate werkwoord | /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/ | activeren, aanzetten |
| isolate werkwoord | /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/ | isoleren |
| psychology zelfstandig naamwoord | /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | psychologie, zielkunde |
| communicate werkwoord | /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ | meedelen, mededelen |
| adapt werkwoord | /əˈdæpt/ | aanpassen |
| volcanic bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /vɔlˈkænɪk/ | vulkanisch |
| tone zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈtəʊn/ | toon, noot |
| finger zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfɪŋɡɚ/ | vinger |
| pocket zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpɑ.kɪt/ | zak |
| occur werkwoord | /əˈkɜː/ | plaatsvinden |
| awareness zelfstandig naamwoord | /əˈwɛɹ.nəs/ | besef, bewustzijn |
| pitch zelfstandig naamwoord | /pɪt͡ʃ/ | worp |
| experiment zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | experiment, proef |
Uitspraak om op te letten
- De “th”-klanken: northwest /nɔɹθˈwɛst/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, shepherd /ˈʃɛpəɹd/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als whistle, researcher, activate.
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | is perfectly adapted · can be recognized · can be cupped |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | has developed · has proved · have been described |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | distances which is · whistles which have · brain, which is |
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.