Shadowing Practice: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 2 - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Passage 2.
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The Step Pyramid of Joseph.
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A. The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous interest for people in the present day.
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These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the Egyptian kings have become linked with the country and the other cultures,
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such as the Chinese and Mayans, also built pyramids.
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The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries.
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However, there is no question there, as far as Egypt is concerned.
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It began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect, the step pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.
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Djoser was the first king of the third dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone.
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Prior to Djoser's reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered underground passages where the deceased person was buried.
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For reasons which remain unclear, Joseph's main official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller,
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more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Steak Pyramid.
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Joseph is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule owing to the number
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and size of the monuments he built.
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See, the step pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated over the last century, and it is now known that the building process went through many different stages.
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Historian Mark Van de Mirab comments on this, writing much experimentation was involved,
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which is especially clear in the construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex.
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It had several plans before it became the first step pyramid in history, piling six levels on top of one another.
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The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up.
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When finally completed, The step pyramid rose 62 meters high and was the tallest structure of its time.
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The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests.
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It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high.
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The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only one true entrance cut into the southeast corner.
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The entire wall was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long
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and 40 meters wide the false doors in the trench were incorporated into the complex to discourage unwanted visitors
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if someone wished to enter he
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or she would have needed to know in advance how to find the location of the true opening in the wall
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Joseph was so proud of his accomplishment
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that he broke the tradition of having only his own name on the Mondini
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and had him Hotex name carved on it as well.
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E, the burial chamber of the tomb, where the king's body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the pyramid,
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surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage robbers robbers.
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One of the most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of stone vessels.
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Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in storerooms of the pyramid's underground passages.
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They are inscribed with the names of rulers from the First
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and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made from different kinds of stone.
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There is no agreement among scholars
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and archaeologists on why the vessels were placed in the the tomb of Jozo or what they were supposed to represent.
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The archaeologist Jean-Philippe Lauer, who excavated most of the pyramid and complex,
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believes they were originally stored and then given a proper burial by Joseph in his pyramid to honor his predecessors.
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There are other historians, however, who claim the vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet
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another attempt to prevent grave robbers from getting to the king's burial chamber.
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If, unfortunately, all of the precautions
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and intricate design of the underground network did not prevent ancient robbers from finding a way in.
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Joseph's grave boots, and even his body, were stolen at some point in the past,
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and all archaeologists' starved, were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves.
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There was enough left throughout the pyramid and its conflicts, however, to astonish and amaze the archaeologists who excavated it.
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G. Egyptologist Miroslav Vena writes, few monuments hold a place in human history as significant as that of the Steak Pyramid in Saqqara,
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it can be said without exaggeration
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that this pyramid complex constitutes a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture in Egypt
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and in the world as a whole.
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The Steak Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture
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and became the archetype which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau B2 is gebaseerd op de video “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 1 Passage 2”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: pyramid, Egypt, monument, stone, complex. Deze video bevat 54 zinnen en 830 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:01. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 165 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 74% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| pyramid zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/ | piramide |
| monument zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmɑnjʊmənt/ | monument |
| archaeologist zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | archeoloog, archeologe |
| robber zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɹɑ.bɚ/ | rover |
| tomb zelfstandig naamwoord | /tum/ | tombe |
| meter zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmitəɹ/ | meter, teller |
| historian zelfstandig naamwoord | /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/ | historicus, geschiedkundige |
| burial zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈbɛɹi.əl/ | begrafenis |
| excavate werkwoord | /ˈɛk.skə.veɪt/ | uithollen |
| discourage werkwoord | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | ontmoedigen |
| trench zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/ | geul, sloot |
| surround werkwoord | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | omgeven, omringen |
| builder zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈbɪl.dəɹ/ | bouwer, bouwster |
| scholar zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈskɑlɚ/ | geleerde |
| reign zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɹeɪ̯n/ | troon, bestuur |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | has been written · was buried · is thought |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | have become · has been written · has been |
Uitspraak om op te letten
- De “th”-klanken: thief /ˈθiːf/, thoroughly /ˈθʌɹ.ə.li/, southeast /sawˈθɪjst/
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: astonish /əˈstɑnɪʃ/, exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, experimentation /ɪkˌspɛɹ.ə.mənˈteɪ.ʃən/, precaution /pɹiːˈkɔ.ʃən/, accomplishment /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ.mənt/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, experimentation /ɪkˌspɛɹ.ə.mənˈteɪ.ʃən/, monumental /ˌmɑnjəˈmɛntəl/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: pyramid /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/, discourage /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, conceive /kənˈsiːv/, inscribe /ɪnˈskɹaɪb/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, rectangular /ɹɛkˈtæŋɡjəlɚ/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/, stack /stæk/, examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: exaggeration /ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/, progressively /pɹəˈɡɹɛsɪvli/, rectangular /ɹɛkˈtæŋɡjəlɚ/, examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als pyramid, monument, archaeologist.
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Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.