Shadowing Practice: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 1 - Learn English Speaking with Video

Les maken...
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Cambridge IELTS 16 Reading Test 2.
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The White Horse of Uffington.
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The cutting of huge figures are, geoglyphs, into the earth of English hillsides has taken place for more than 3,000 years.
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There are 56 hill figures scattered around England, with the vast majority on the chalked downlands of the country's southern counties.
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The figures include giants, horses, crosses and regimental badges.
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Although the majority of these geoglyphs date within the last 300 years or so, there are one or two that are much older.
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The most famous of these figures is perhaps also the most mysterious, the Uffington White Horse in Oxfordshire.
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The White Horse has recently been redated and shown to be even older than its previously assigned ancient pre-Roman Iron Age date.
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More controversial is the date of the enigmatic Long Man of Wilmington in Sussex.
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While many historians are convinced the figure is prehistoric, others believe that it was the work of an artistic monk from a nearby priory
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and was created between the 11th and 15th centuries.
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The method of cutting these huge figures was simply to remove the overlying grass to reveal the gleaming white chalk below.
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However, the grass would soon grow over the geoglyph again unless it was regularly cleaned
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or scoured by a fairly large team of people.
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One reason that the vast majority of hill figures have disappeared is that when the traditions associated with the figures faded,
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people no longer bothered or remembered to clear away the grass to expose the chalk outline.
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Furthermore, over hundreds of years the outlines would sometimes change due to people not always cutting in exactly the same place,
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thus creating a different shape to the original geoglyph.
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The fact that any ancient hill figures survive at all in England today is testament to the strength
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and continuity of local customs and beliefs which, in one case at least, must stretch back over millennia.
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Iron Age, a period in Britain 800 BCE-43 CE, that is characterized by the use of iron tools.
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The Uffington White Horse is a unique, stylized representation of a horse consisting of a long, sleek back, thin disjointed legs, a streaming tail, and a bird-like beaked head.
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The elegant creature almost melts into the landscape,
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The horse is situated 2.5 kilometers from Uffington Village on a steep slope close to the Late Bronze Age,
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circa 7th century BCE, pilfered of Uffington Castle and below the Ridgeway, a long-distance Neolithic asterisk track.
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The Uffington Horse is also surrounded by Bronze Age burial mounds.
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It is not far from the Bronze Age Cemetery of Lamburn's Seven Barrows, which consists of more than 30 well-preserved burial mounds.
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The carving has been placed in such a way as to make it extremely difficult to see from close quarters, and like many geoglyphs is best appreciated from the air.
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Nevertheless, there are certain areas of the Vale of the White Horse, the valley containing and named after the enigmatic creature, from which an adequate impression may be gained.
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Indeed on a clear day the carving can be seen from up to 30 kilometers away.
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The earliest evidence of a horse at Uffington is from the 1070s CE when, White Horse Hill, is mentioned in documents from the nearby Abbey of Abingdon,
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and the first reference to the horse itself is soon after, in 1190 CE.
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However, the carving is believed to date back much further than that.
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Due to the similarity of the Uffington White Horse to the stylized depictions of horses on 1st century BCE coins, it had been thought that the creature must also date to that period.
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However, in 1995 optically stimulated luminescence,
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OSL, testing was carried out by the Oxford Archaeological Unit on soil from two of the lower layers of the horse's body, and from another cut near the base.
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The result was a date for the horse's construction somewhere between 1400 and 600 BCE in other words, it had a late Bronze Age or early Iron Age origin.
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The latter end of this state range would tie the carving of the horse in with occupation of the nearby Uffington Hilford,
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indicating that it may represent a tribal emblem marking the land of the inhabitants of the Hilford.
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Alternatively, the carving may have been carried out during a Bronze or Iron Age ritual.
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Some researchers see the horse as representing the Celtic asterisk asterisk asterisk horse goddess Apona, who was worshipped as a protector of horses,
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and for her associations with fertility.
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However, the cult of Epona was not imported from Gaul, France, until around the 1st century CE.
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This date is at least six centuries after the Uffington horse was probably carved.
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Nevertheless, the horse had great ritual and economic significance during the Bronze and Iron Ages, as attested by its depictions on jewelry and other metal objects.
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It is possible that the carving represents a goddess in native mythology, such as Rhiannon, described in later Welsh mythology as a beautiful woman dressed in gold and riding a white horse.
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The fact that geoglyphs can disappear easily, along with their associated rituals and meaning, indicates that they were never intended to be anything more than temporary gestures.
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But this does not lessen their importance.
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These giant carvings are a fascinating glimpse into the minds of their creators
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and how they viewed the landscape in which they lived.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze video bevat 51 zinnen en 890 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:11. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 172 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 74% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

15 minder gangbare woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

  • grass /ɡɹɑːs/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — gras. Any plant of the family Poaceae, characterized by leaves that arise from nodes in the stem and leaf bases that wrap around the stem, especially those grown as…
  • ritual /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — ritueel. A rite; a repeated set of actions, especially in religious contexts.
  • chalk /t͡ʃɔk/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — krijt, krijtgesteente. A soft, white, powdery limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO₃).
  • vast /væst/ (bijvoeglijk naamwoord) — enorm. Very large or wide (literally or figuratively).
  • landscape /ˈlan(d)skeɪp/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — landschap. A portion of land or territory as defined by its landform, its geographical (and architectural) features.
  • indicate /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ (werkwoord) — aanwijzen, aanduiden. To point out; to discover; to direct to a knowledge of; to show; to make known.
  • nevertheless /ˌnɛvɚðəˈlɛs/ (bijwoord) — daarentegen, echter. In spite of what preceded; yet.
  • disappear /dɪsəˈpɪɹ/ (werkwoord) — verdwijnen, verzwinden. To vanish.
  • goddess /ˈɡɑdəs/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — godin. A female deity.
  • consist /kənˈsɪst/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — samenstelling. A lineup or sequence of railroad carriages or cars, with or without a locomotive, that form a unit.
  • outline /ˈaʊtlaɪn/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — omtrek. A line marking the boundary of an object figure.
  • burial /ˈbɛɹi.əl/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — begrafenis. The act of burying; interment; placing remains into the earth.
  • mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — mythologie. The collection of myths of a people, concerning the origin of the people, history, deities, ancestors and heroes.
  • mound /maʊnd/ (zelfstandig naamwoord) — terp. An artificial hill or elevation of earth; a raised bank; an embankment thrown up for defense
  • temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/ (bijvoeglijk naamwoord) — tijdelijk. Not permanent; existing only for a period or periods of time.

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

  • carry out /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ (werkwoord) — uitvoeren. To hold while moving it out.

Uitspraak om op te letten

  • De “th”-klanken: nevertheless /ˌnɛvɚðəˈlɛs/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, thin /ˈθɪn/, bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/
  • De klanken “sh” en “zh”: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, impression /ɪmˈpɹɛʃn̩/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/, worship /ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/, controversial /ˌkɑn.tɹəˈvɝ.ʃəl/
  • Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, nevertheless /ˌnɛvɚðəˈlɛs/, mythology /mɪˈθɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/, representation /ˌɹɛp.ɹə.zɛnˈteɪ.ʃən/

Zo oefen je met deze video

  1. Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
  2. Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
  3. Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als grass, ritual, chalk.

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

StructuurIn de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doetbeen redated · are convinced · was created
Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telthas taken · have disappeared · has been placed

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →