Shadowing Practice: Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 3 - Learn English Speaking with Video

Les maken...
1
Attitudes towards artificial intelligence.
2
A artificial intelligence, AI, can already predict the future.
3
Police forces are using it to map when and where crime is likely to occur.
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Doctors can use it to predict when a patient is most likely to have a heart attack or stroke.
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Researchers are even trying to give AI imagination so it can plan for unexpected consequences.
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Many decisions in our lives require a good forecast, and AI is almost always better at forecasting than we are.
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Yet for all these technological advances, we still seem to deeply lack confidence in AI predictions.
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Recent cases show that people don't like relying on AI and prefer to trust human experts, even if these experts are wrong.
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If we want AI to really benefit people, we need to find a way to get people to trust it.
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To do that, we need to understand why people are so reluctant to trust AI in the first place.
11
They take the case of Watson for Oncology, one of technology giant IBM's supercomputer programs.
12
Their attempt to promote this program to cancer doctors was a PR disaster.
13
The AI promised to deliver top-quality recommendations on the treatment of 12 cancers that accounted for 80% of the world's cases.
14
But when doctors first interacted with Watson, they found themselves in a rather difficult situation.
15
On the one hand, if Watson provided guidance about a treatment that coincided with their own opinions, physicians did not see much point in Watson's recommendations.
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The supercomputer was simply telling them what they already knew, and these recommendations did not change the actual treatment.
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On the other hand, if Watson generated a recommendation that contradicted the expert's opinion, doctors would typically conclude that Watson wasn't competent.
18
And the machine wouldn't be able to explain why its treatment was plausible
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because its machine learning algorithms were simply too complex to be fully understood by humans.
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Consequently, this has caused even more suspicion and disbelief,
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leading many doctors to ignore the seemingly outlandish AI recommendations and stick to their own expertise.
22
See this as just one example of people's lack of confidence in AI
23
and their reluctance to accept what Al has to offer.
24
Trust in other people is often based on our understanding of how others think and having experience of their reliability.
25
This helps create a psychological feeling of safety.
26
Al, on the other hand, is still fairly new and unfamiliar to most people.
27
Even if it can be technically explained, and that's not always the case, AI's decision-making process is usually too difficult for most people to comprehend.
28
And interacting with something we don't understand can cause anxiety and give us a sense that we're losing control.
29
Many people are also simply not familiar with many instances of AI actually working because it often happens in the background.
30
Instead, they are acutely aware of instances where AI goes wrong.
31
Embarrassing AI failures receive a disproportionate amount of media attention, emphasizing the message that we cannot rely on technology.
32
Machine learning is not foolproof, in part because the humans who design it aren't.
33
Deep feelings about AI run deep.
34
In a recent experiment, people from a range of backgrounds were given various sci-fi films about AI to watch
35
and then asked questions about automation in everyday life.
36
It was found that, regardless of whether the film they watched depicted Al in a positive or negative light,
37
simply watching a cinematic vision of our technological future polarize the participants' attitudes.
38
Optimists became more extreme in their enthusiasm for AI and skeptics became even more guarded.
39
This suggests people use relevant evidence about AI in a biased manner to support their existing attitudes,
40
a deep-rooted human tendency known as confirmation bias.
41
As L is represented more and more in media and entertainment, it could lead to a society split between those who benefit from AI and those who reject it.
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More pertinently, refusing to accept the advantages offered by AI could place a large group of people at a serious disadvantage.
43
Unfortunately, we already have some ideas about how to improve trust in AI.
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Simply having previous experience with AI can significantly improve people's opinions about the technology, as was found in the study mentioned above.
45
Evidence also suggests the more you use other technologies such as the internet, the more you trust them.
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Another solution may be to reveal more about the algorithms which our users and the purposes they serve.
47
Several high-profile social media companies and online marketplaces already released transparency reports about government requests and surveillance disclosures.
48
A similar practice for AI could help people have a better understanding of the way algorithmic decisions are made.
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If research suggests that allowing people some control over AI decision-making could also improve trust
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and enable AI to learn from human experience.
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For example, one study showed that when people were allowed the freedom to slightly modify an algorithm, they felt more satisfied with its decisions,
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more likely to believe it was superior and more likely to use it in the future.
53
We don't need to understand the intricate inner workings of AI systems, but if people are given a degree of responsibility for how they are implemented,
54
they will be more willing to accept GAL into their lives.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “Cambridge 16 IELTS Reading Test 4 Passage 3”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: trust, recommendation, Watson, doctors, simply. Deze video bevat 54 zinnen en 885 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:49. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 152 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 80% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

WoordUitspraakBetekenis
recommendation zelfstandig naamwoord/ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/aanbeveling, recommandatie
algorithm zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/algoritme
supercomputer zelfstandig naamwoordsupercomputer
interact werkwoord/ɪn.təˈɹækt/interageren, elkaar beïnvloeden
technological bijvoeglijk naamwoord/ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/technologisch
predict werkwoord/pɹɪˈdɪkt/voorspellen
forecast zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈfɔːkɑːst/voorspelling, schatting
algorithmic bijvoeglijk naamwoord/ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/algoritmisch
coincide werkwoord/ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd/samenvallen, coïncideren
contradict werkwoord/ˌkɑn.tɹəˈdɪkt/tegenspreken
depict werkwoord/dɪˈpɪkt/afbeelden, beschrijven
disbelief zelfstandig naamwoord/dɪsbɪˈliːf/ongeloof
disproportionate bijvoeglijk naamwoord/dɪs.pɹəˈpɔː.ʃə.nət/onevenredig, buitensporig
embarrass werkwoord/ɪmˈbæɹəs/verlegen maken, in verlegenheid brengen
foolproof bijvoeglijk naamwoord/ˈfuːl ˌpɹuːf/onfeilbaar, kogelbestendig

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 7 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals don't, aren't, wasn't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

  • De “th”-klanken: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/, enthusiasm /ɪnˈθuziæzəm/
  • De klanken “sh” en “zh”: recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/, disproportionate /dɪs.pɹəˈpɔː.ʃə.nət/, outlandish /ˌaʊtˈlændɪʃ/, automation /ˌɔ.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
  • Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: recommendation /ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/, technological /ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/, algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/, disproportionate /dɪs.pɹəˈpɔː.ʃə.nət/, kinematic /kɪn.əˈmæt.ɪk/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

  • Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: coincide /ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd/, polarize /ˈpəʊ.lə.ɹaɪz/, emphasize /ˈɛm.fə.saɪz/, comprehend /ˌkɑmpɹɪˈhɛnd/, disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/
  • /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, interact /ɪn.təˈɹækt/, algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/, embarrass /ɪmˈbæɹəs/, kinematic /kɪn.əˈmæt.ɪk/
  • /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/

Zo oefen je met deze video

  1. Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
  2. Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
  3. Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als recommendation, algorithm, supercomputer.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →