Pratique du Shadowing: Cambridge IELTS 15 Test 4 Reading Passage 2 - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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34 phrases
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Silbo Gomero, the Whistle, Language, of the Canary Islands La Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa.
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This small volcanic island is mountainous, with steep rocky slopes and deep wooded ravines, rising to 1,487 meters at its highest peak.
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It is also home to the best known of the world's whistle languages, a means of transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island.
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This language, known as silbo or silbo gomero, from the Spanish word for whistle, is now shedding light on the language processing abilities of the human brain, according to scientists.
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Researchers say that silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language, suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds as language.
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Science has developed the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to language, and we are starting to understand the scope of signals that can be recognized as language,
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says David Carina, co-author of a recent study and associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle.
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Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into whistles which have high and low frequency tones.
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A whistler, or silbador, puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the whistle's pitch, while the other hand can be cupped to adjust the direction of the sound.
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There is much more ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the spoken signal, explains lead researcher Manuel Carreras, psychology professor at the University of La Laguna on the Canary Island of Tenerife.
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Because whistled, words, can be hard to distinguish, silbadores rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to make themselves understood.
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The silbadores of Gamera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain folk, and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometers.
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Carreras explains that silbadores are able to pass a surprising amount of information via their whistles.
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In daily life, they use whistles to communicate short commands, but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.
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Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.
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The study team used neuroimaging equipment to contrast the brain activity of silbadores while listening to whistled and spoken Spanish.
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Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is usually associated with spoken language, was engaged during the processing of Silbo.
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The researchers found that other key regions in the brain's frontal lobe also responded to the whistles, including those activated in response to sign language among deaf people.
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When the experiments were repeated with non-whistlers, however, activation was observed in all areas of the brain.
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Our results provide more evidence about the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms, Carina says.
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These data suggest that left hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for communicative purposes, independent of the modality of signal.
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The non-Silbo speakers were not recognizing Silbo as a language.
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They had nothing to grab onto, so multiple areas of their brains were activated.
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Carreras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that indigenous canaries islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century.
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Whistled languages survive today in Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Vietnam, Guyana, China, Nepal, Senegal, and a few mountainous pockets in Southern Europe.
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There are thought to be as many as 70 whistled languages still in use, though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically.
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This form of communication is an adaptation found among cultures where people are often isolated from each other, according to Julian Meyer, a researcher at the Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon, France.
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They are mostly used in mountains or dense forests, he says.
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Whistled languages are quite clearly defined and represent an original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs of isolated human groups.
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But with modern communication technology now widely available, researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction.
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With dwindling numbers of Gomorran silbadores still left in the language, Canary's authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its survival.
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Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been taught in all of the island's elementary schools.
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In addition, locals are seeking assistance from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO.
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The local authorities are trying to get an award from the organization to declare Silbo Gomero as something that should be preserved for humanity, Carreras adds.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 34 phrases et 772 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:49. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 160 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 73 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| whistle nom | /ˈwɪs(ə)l/ | sifflet |
| researcher nom | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | chercheur, chercheuse |
| activate verbe | /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/ | actionner, activer |
| isolate verbe | /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/ | isoler, esseuler |
| psychology nom | /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | psychologie |
| communicate verbe | /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ | communiquer |
| adaptation nom | /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/ | adaptation |
| adapt verbe | /əˈdæpt/ | adapter |
| volcanic adjectif | /vɔlˈkænɪk/ | volcanique |
| tone nom | /ˈtəʊn/ | ton |
| finger nom | /ˈfɪŋɡɚ/ | doigt |
| pocket nom | /ˈpɑ.kɪt/ | poche |
| occur verbe | /əˈkɜː/ | se produire, avoir lieu |
| contrast nom | /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/ | contraste |
| awareness nom | /əˈwɛɹ.nəs/ | conscience |
Prononciation à surveiller
- Les sons « th »: northwest /nɔɹθˈwɛst/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, shepherd /ˈʃɛpəɹd/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme whistle, researcher, activate.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is perfectly adapted · can be recognized · can be cupped |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has developed · has proved · have been described |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | distances which is · whistles which have · brain, which is |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.