Pratique du Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 2 - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

Création de la leçon...
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contain multitudes.
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Wendy Moore reviews Ed Yong's book about microbes.
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Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us.
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Invisible to the naked eye, they are ubiquitous.
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They inhabit the soil, air, rocks and water and are present within every form of life, from seaweed and coral to dogs and humans.
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And, as Yong explains in his utterly absorbing and hugely important book, we mess with them at our peril.
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Every species has its own colony of microbes,
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called a microbiome, and these microbes vary not only between species but also between individuals and within different parts of each individual.
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What is amazing is that while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion, the number of microbial ones is higher about 39 trillion.
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At best, Jung informs us, we are only 50% human.
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Indeed, some scientists even suggest we should think of each species and its microbes as a single unit, dubbed a holobiont.
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In each human there are microbes that live only in the stomach, the mouth or the armpit and by and large they do so peacefully.
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So, bad microbes are just microbes out of context.
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Microbes that sit contentedly in the human gut, where there are more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy, can become deadly if they find their way into the bloodstream.
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These communities are constantly changing too.
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The right hand shares just one-sixth of its microbes with the left hand.
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And, of course, we are surrounded by microbes.
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Every time we eat, we swallow a million microbes in each gram of food.
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We are continually swapping microbes with other humans, pets and the world at large.
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It's a fascinating topic and Yang, a young British science journalist, is an extraordinarily adept guide.
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Writing with lightness and panache, he has a knack of explaining complex science in terms that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling.
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Yang is on a mission.
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Leading us gently by the hand, he takes us into the world of microbes a bizarre, alien planet in a bid to persuade us to love them as much as he does.
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By the end, we do.
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For most of human history we had no idea that microbes existed.
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The first man to see these extraordinarily potent creatures was a Dutch lensmaker called Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s.
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Using microscopes of his own design that could magnify up to 270 times,
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he examined a drop of water from a nearby lake and found it teeming with tiny creatures he called animalcules.
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It wasn't until nearly 200 years later that the research of French biologist Louis Pasteur indicated that some microbes caused disease.
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It was Pasteur's germ theory that gave bacteria the poor image that endures today.
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Young's book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance, pointing out that while fewer than 100 species of bacteria bring disease,
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many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining our health.
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The book also acknowledges that our attitude towards bacteria is not a simple one.
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We tend to see the dangers posed by bacteria, yet at the same time we are sold yogurts and drinks that supposedly nurture, friendly, bacteria.
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In reality, says Yang, bacteria should not be viewed as either friends or foes, villains or heroes.
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Instead we should realize we have a symbiotic relationship, that can be mutually beneficial or mutually destructive.
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What then do these millions of organisms do?
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The answer is pretty much everything.
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New research is now unraveling the ways in which bacteria aid digestion, regulate our immune systems, eliminate toxins,
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produce vitamins, affect our behavior and even combat obesity.
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They actually help us become who we are, says Young.
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But we are facing a growing problem.
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Our obsession with hygiene, our overuse of antibiotics and our unhealthy,
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low-fiber diets are disrupting the bacterial balance and may be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease, IBD.
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The most recent research actually turns accepted norms upside down.
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For example, there are studies indicating that the excessive use of household detergents
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and antibacterial products actually destroys the microbes that normally keep the more dangerous germs at bay.
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Other studies show that keeping a dog as a pet gives children early exposure to a diverse range of bacteria, which may help protect them against allergies later.
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The readers of Yang's book must be prepared for a decidedly unglamorous world.
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Among the less appealing case studies is one about a fungus
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that is wiping out entire populations of frogs and that can be halted by a rare microbial bacterium.
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Another is about squid that carry luminescent bacteria that protect them against predators.
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However, if you can overcome your distaste for some of the investigations, the reasons for Yang's enthusiasm become clear.
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The microbial world is a place of wonder.
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Already, in an attempt to stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever a disease
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that infects 400 million people a year mosquitoes are being loaded with a bacterium to block the disease.
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In the future, our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct buildings with useful microbes built into their walls to fight off infections.
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Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward coated in a specially mixed cocktail of microbes
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so that babies get the best start in life.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette vidéo contient 59 phrases et 895 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:24. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 166 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 73 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

MotPrononciationSens
indicate verbe/ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/indiquer, signaler
immune adjectif/ɪˈmjuːn/immun
mutually adverbe/ˈmjut͡ʃuəli/mutuellement
mosquito nom/məsˈki.toʊ/moustique, maringouin
allergy nom/ˈæl.əɹ.d͡ʒi/allergie
topic nom/ˈtɑpɪk/sujet, thème
household adjectif/ˈhaʊshoʊld/domestique
pet nom/pɛt/animal de compagnie, animal familier
exposure nom/ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/exposition
naked adjectif/ˈneɪkɪd/nu
soil nom/sɔɪl/sol, terre
stomach nom/ˈstʌmək/estomac
journalist nom/ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/journaliste
sixth adjectif/sɪksθ/sixième, six
vital adjectif/ˈvaɪtəl/vital

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

MotSens
point out verbepointer
wipe out verbeanéantir

Prononciation à surveiller

  • Les sons « th »: sixth /sɪksθ/, enthusiasm /ɪnˈθuziæzəm/, unhealthy /ʌnˈhɛl.θi/, enthrall /ɪnˈθɹɔːl/
  • Les sons « sh » et « zh »: exposure /ɪkˈspəʊ.ʒə(ɹ)/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, specially /ˈspɛʃəli/, obsession /əbˈsɛʃən/
  • Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, beneficial /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, enthusiasm /ɪnˈθuziæzəm/, supposedly /səˈpoʊ̯.zɪd.li/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

  1. Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
  2. Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
  3. Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme indicate, immune, mutually.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →