Pratique du Shadowing: Cambridge 19 listening test 2 section 4 - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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For my project on invertebrates, I chose to study tardigrades.
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These are microscopic, or to be more precise, near -microscopic animals.
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There are well over a thousand known species of these tiny animals, which belong to the phylum Tardigrada.
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Most tardigrades range in length from 0 .05 to 1 mm,
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though the largest species can grow to be 1 .2 mm in length.
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They're also sometimes called water bears, water because that's where they thrive best and bear because of the way they move.
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Moss piglet is another name for tardigrades because of the way they look when viewed from the front.
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They were first discovered in Germany in 1773 by Johann Goetzer, who coined the name Tardigrada.
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As I say, there are many different species of tardigrade.
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Too many to describe here, but generally speaking, the different species share similar physical traits.
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They have a body which is short and also rounded, a bit like a barrel, and the body comprises four segments.
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Each segment has a pair of legs, at the end of which are between four and eight sharp claws.
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I should also say that some species don't have any claws.
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What they have are discs and these work by means of suction.
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They enable the tardigrade to cling on to surfaces or to grip its prey.
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Within the body there are no lungs or any organs for breathing at all.
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Instead oxygen and also blood are transported in a fluid that fills the cavity of the body.
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As far as the tardigrade's head is concerned, the best way I can describe this is that it looks rather strange,
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a bit squashed even, though many of the websites I looked at described its appearance as cute, which isn't exactly very scientific.
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The tardigrade's mouth is a kind of tube that can open outwards to reveal teeth -like structures known as stylets.
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These are sharp enough to pierce plant or animal cells.
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So where are tardigrades found?
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Well, they live in every part of the world, in a variety of habitats, most commonly on the bed of a lake,
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or on many kinds of plants, or in very wet environments.
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There's been some interesting research which has found
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that tardigrades are capable of surviving radiation and very high pressure
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and they're also able to withstand temperatures as cold as minus 200 degrees centigrade or highs of more than 148 degrees centigrade,
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which is incredibly hot.
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It has been said that tardigrades could survive long after human beings have been wiped out, even in the event of an asteroid hitting the Earth.
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If conditions become too extreme and tardigrades are at risk of drying out, they enter a state called cryptobiosis.
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They curl into a ball called a tun, that's T -U -N, by retracting their head and legs,
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and their metabolism drops to less than 1 % of normal levels.
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They can remain like this until they're reintroduced to water, when they will come back to life in a matter of a few hours.
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While in a state of cryptobiosis, tardigrades produce a protein that protects their DNA.
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In 2016, scientists revived two tardigrades that had been tons for more than 30 years.
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There was a report that, in 1948, a 120 -year -old ton was revived,
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but this experiment has never been repeated.
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There are currently several tests taking place in space to determine how long tardigrades might be able to survive there.
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I believe the record so far is 10 days.
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So, moving on.
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In terms of their diet, tardigrades consume liquids in order to survive.
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Although they have teeth, they don't use these for chewing.
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They suck the juices from moss or extract fluid from seaweed.
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But some species prey on other tardigrades, from other species or within their own.
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I suppose this isn't surprising given that tardigrades are mainly comprised of liquid and are coated with a type of gel.
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Finally I'd like to mention the conservation status of tardigrades.
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It is estimated that they have been in existence for approximately half a billion years and,
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in that time, they have survived five mass extinctions.
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So it will probably come as no surprise to you
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that tardigrades have not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and are not on any endangered list.
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Some researchers have described them as thriving.
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Does anyone have any questions they'd like to ask?
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Cambridge 19 listening test 2 section 4 ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : tardigrade, species, survive, animal. Cette vidéo contient 52 phrases et 723 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:38. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 128 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| microscopic adjectif | /ˌmaɪ.kɹəˈskɑ.pɪk/ | microscopique |
| claw nom | /klɔ/ | griffe |
| comprise verbe | /kəmˈpɹaɪz/ | contenir, comprendre |
| thrive verbe | /θɹajv/ | 1&2: croître, s'épanouir |
| moss nom | /mɔs/ | mousse |
| prey nom | /pɹeɪ/ | proie |
| invertebrate nom | /ɪnˈvəːtɪbrət/ | invertébré |
| phylum nom | /ˈfaɪləm/ | embranchement |
| piglet nom | /ˈpɪɡ.lət/ | cochonnet, goret |
| reintroduce verbe | réintroduire | |
| seaweed nom | /ˈsiwid/ | algues marines |
| suction nom | /ˈsʌkʃən/ | succion |
| curl nom | /kɜɹl/ | boucle |
| asteroid nom | /ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/ | astéroïde |
| cavity nom | /ˈkæv.ɪt.i/ | carie |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| dry out verbe | dessécher |
| wipe out verbe | anéantir |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are transported · is concerned · has been said |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has found · has been said · has never been repeated |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | body which is · research which has |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 9 contractions et formes réduites, comme they're, don't, isn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: thrive /θɹajv/, withstand /wɪðˈstænd/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: suction /ˈsʌkʃən/, squash /skwɔʃ/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: microscopic /ˌmaɪ.kɹəˈskɑ.pɪk/, invertebrate /ɪnˈvəːtɪbrət/, metabolism /məˈtæb.əˌlɪz.əm/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: chew /tʃuː/, endangered /ɪnˈdeɪn.d͡ʒɚd/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: tardigrade /ˈtɑɹdɪˌɡɹeɪd/, microscopic /ˌmaɪ.kɹəˈskɑ.pɪk/, comprise /kəmˈpɹaɪz/, revive /ɹɪˈvaɪ̯v/, thrive /θɹajv/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme microscopic, claw, comprise.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.