Практика Shadowing: Cambridge 19 listening test 2 section 4 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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For my project on invertebrates, I chose to study tardigrades.
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These are microscopic, or to be more precise, near -microscopic animals.
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There are well over a thousand known species of these tiny animals, which belong to the phylum Tardigrada.
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Most tardigrades range in length from 0 .05 to 1 mm,
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though the largest species can grow to be 1 .2 mm in length.
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They're also sometimes called water bears, water because that's where they thrive best and bear because of the way they move.
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Moss piglet is another name for tardigrades because of the way they look when viewed from the front.
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They were first discovered in Germany in 1773 by Johann Goetzer, who coined the name Tardigrada.
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As I say, there are many different species of tardigrade.
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Too many to describe here, but generally speaking, the different species share similar physical traits.
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They have a body which is short and also rounded, a bit like a barrel, and the body comprises four segments.
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Each segment has a pair of legs, at the end of which are between four and eight sharp claws.
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I should also say that some species don't have any claws.
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What they have are discs and these work by means of suction.
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They enable the tardigrade to cling on to surfaces or to grip its prey.
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Within the body there are no lungs or any organs for breathing at all.
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Instead oxygen and also blood are transported in a fluid that fills the cavity of the body.
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As far as the tardigrade's head is concerned, the best way I can describe this is that it looks rather strange,
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a bit squashed even, though many of the websites I looked at described its appearance as cute, which isn't exactly very scientific.
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The tardigrade's mouth is a kind of tube that can open outwards to reveal teeth -like structures known as stylets.
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These are sharp enough to pierce plant or animal cells.
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So where are tardigrades found?
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Well, they live in every part of the world, in a variety of habitats, most commonly on the bed of a lake,
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or on many kinds of plants, or in very wet environments.
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There's been some interesting research which has found
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that tardigrades are capable of surviving radiation and very high pressure
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and they're also able to withstand temperatures as cold as minus 200 degrees centigrade or highs of more than 148 degrees centigrade,
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which is incredibly hot.
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It has been said that tardigrades could survive long after human beings have been wiped out, even in the event of an asteroid hitting the Earth.
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If conditions become too extreme and tardigrades are at risk of drying out, they enter a state called cryptobiosis.
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They curl into a ball called a tun, that's T -U -N, by retracting their head and legs,
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and their metabolism drops to less than 1 % of normal levels.
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They can remain like this until they're reintroduced to water, when they will come back to life in a matter of a few hours.
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While in a state of cryptobiosis, tardigrades produce a protein that protects their DNA.
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In 2016, scientists revived two tardigrades that had been tons for more than 30 years.
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There was a report that, in 1948, a 120 -year -old ton was revived,
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but this experiment has never been repeated.
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There are currently several tests taking place in space to determine how long tardigrades might be able to survive there.
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I believe the record so far is 10 days.
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So, moving on.
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In terms of their diet, tardigrades consume liquids in order to survive.
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Although they have teeth, they don't use these for chewing.
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They suck the juices from moss or extract fluid from seaweed.
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But some species prey on other tardigrades, from other species or within their own.
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I suppose this isn't surprising given that tardigrades are mainly comprised of liquid and are coated with a type of gel.
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Finally I'd like to mention the conservation status of tardigrades.
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It is estimated that they have been in existence for approximately half a billion years and,
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in that time, they have survived five mass extinctions.
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So it will probably come as no surprise to you
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that tardigrades have not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and are not on any endangered list.
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Some researchers have described them as thriving.
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Does anyone have any questions they'd like to ask?
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Почему практиковать речь на этом видео?
Видео о tardigrades (водяных медведях) — отличная возможность для практики разговорного английского! Речь лектора естественная, с логичным развитием мыслей, что идеально подходит для shadow speech (тенировочного произношения). Вы научитесь выражать сложные идеи простым языком, описывать биологические особенности и структурировать информацию — это полезно не только для экзаменов, но и для повседневной коммуникации. А тема о выживании микроорганизмов интересна сама по себе, что мотивирует лучше погрузиться в процесс.
Грамматика и выражения в контексте
- "There are well over a thousand known species" — конструкция "there are" с фразой "well over" (гораздо больше) помогает подчеркнуть количество. Учите, как заменить простые "many" на более точные выражения.
- "They're also sometimes called water bears" — пассивный залог с "called" для обозначения названий. Это удобно при описании предметов или животных: "This plant is called..." (Эта растительность называется...).
- "If conditions become too extreme, they enter a state called cryptobiosis" — условное предложение 1 типа с последовательностью действий. Идеально подходит для объяснения процессов: "If it rains, we will stay at home" (Если пойдет дождь, мы останемся дома).
Трудные места в произношении
Чтобы улучшить произношение английского, обратите внимание на такие слова: - Tardigrada (тардиграда) — акцент на первом слоге, "t" мягкое, "a" как в "car". - Cryptobiosis (криптобиоз) — сложная комбинация "cr" и "pto", практикуйте медленно, разделяя на слоги: "krip-to-bi-o-sis". - Stylets (стилеты) — "y" произносится как "и", а "ts" как "ц". Пractise shadow speak: повторяйте за лектором, копируя интонацию и темп — это поможет справиться с этими трудностями!
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | are transported · is concerned · has been said |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has found · has been said · has never been repeated |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | body which is · research which has |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.