शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Cambridge 19 listening test 2 section 4 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
1
For my project on invertebrates, I chose to study tardigrades.
2
These are microscopic, or to be more precise, near -microscopic animals.
3
There are well over a thousand known species of these tiny animals, which belong to the phylum Tardigrada.
4
Most tardigrades range in length from 0 .05 to 1 mm,
5
though the largest species can grow to be 1 .2 mm in length.
6
They're also sometimes called water bears, water because that's where they thrive best and bear because of the way they move.
7
Moss piglet is another name for tardigrades because of the way they look when viewed from the front.
8
They were first discovered in Germany in 1773 by Johann Goetzer, who coined the name Tardigrada.
9
As I say, there are many different species of tardigrade.
10
Too many to describe here, but generally speaking, the different species share similar physical traits.
11
They have a body which is short and also rounded, a bit like a barrel, and the body comprises four segments.
12
Each segment has a pair of legs, at the end of which are between four and eight sharp claws.
13
I should also say that some species don't have any claws.
14
What they have are discs and these work by means of suction.
15
They enable the tardigrade to cling on to surfaces or to grip its prey.
16
Within the body there are no lungs or any organs for breathing at all.
17
Instead oxygen and also blood are transported in a fluid that fills the cavity of the body.
18
As far as the tardigrade's head is concerned, the best way I can describe this is that it looks rather strange,
19
a bit squashed even, though many of the websites I looked at described its appearance as cute, which isn't exactly very scientific.
20
The tardigrade's mouth is a kind of tube that can open outwards to reveal teeth -like structures known as stylets.
21
These are sharp enough to pierce plant or animal cells.
22
So where are tardigrades found?
23
Well, they live in every part of the world, in a variety of habitats, most commonly on the bed of a lake,
24
or on many kinds of plants, or in very wet environments.
25
There's been some interesting research which has found
26
that tardigrades are capable of surviving radiation and very high pressure
27
and they're also able to withstand temperatures as cold as minus 200 degrees centigrade or highs of more than 148 degrees centigrade,
28
which is incredibly hot.
29
It has been said that tardigrades could survive long after human beings have been wiped out, even in the event of an asteroid hitting the Earth.
30
If conditions become too extreme and tardigrades are at risk of drying out, they enter a state called cryptobiosis.
31
They curl into a ball called a tun, that's T -U -N, by retracting their head and legs,
32
and their metabolism drops to less than 1 % of normal levels.
33
They can remain like this until they're reintroduced to water, when they will come back to life in a matter of a few hours.
34
While in a state of cryptobiosis, tardigrades produce a protein that protects their DNA.
35
In 2016, scientists revived two tardigrades that had been tons for more than 30 years.
36
There was a report that, in 1948, a 120 -year -old ton was revived,
37
but this experiment has never been repeated.
38
There are currently several tests taking place in space to determine how long tardigrades might be able to survive there.
39
I believe the record so far is 10 days.
40
So, moving on.
41
In terms of their diet, tardigrades consume liquids in order to survive.
42
Although they have teeth, they don't use these for chewing.
43
They suck the juices from moss or extract fluid from seaweed.
44
But some species prey on other tardigrades, from other species or within their own.
45
I suppose this isn't surprising given that tardigrades are mainly comprised of liquid and are coated with a type of gel.
46
Finally I'd like to mention the conservation status of tardigrades.
47
It is estimated that they have been in existence for approximately half a billion years and,
48
in that time, they have survived five mass extinctions.
49
So it will probably come as no surprise to you
50
that tardigrades have not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and are not on any endangered list.
51
Some researchers have described them as thriving.
52
Does anyone have any questions they'd like to ask?
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह C1 स्तर का स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Cambridge 19 listening test 2 section 4” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: tardigrade, species, survive, animal। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 52 वाक्य और 723 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 5:38 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 128 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। केवल 78% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| claw संज्ञा | /klɔ/ | पञ्जा, पंजा |
| revive क्रिया | /ɹɪˈvaɪ̯v/ | पुनर्जीवित |
| thrive क्रिया | /θɹajv/ | फलना |
| moss संज्ञा | /mɔs/ | काई, हरिता |
| phylum संज्ञा | /ˈfaɪləm/ | संघ |
| piglet संज्ञा | /ˈpɪɡ.lət/ | घेंटा |
| asteroid संज्ञा | /ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/ | क्षुद्रग्रह, उपग्रह |
| squash संज्ञा | /skwɔʃ/ | स्क्वाश |
| chew क्रिया | /tʃuː/ | चबाना |
| extinction संज्ञा | /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ | विलुप्त |
| metabolism संज्ञा | /məˈtæb.əˌlɪz.əm/ | चयापचय |
| consume क्रिया | /kənˈsum/ | उपभुक्त |
| researcher संज्ञा | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | शोधकर्ता, शोधक |
| minus | /ˈmaɪ.nəs/ | कम, घटाकर |
| wipe क्रिया | /waɪp/ | मिटाना, पोंछना |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | are transported · is concerned · has been said |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | has found · has been said · has never been repeated |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | body which is · research which has |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 9 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे they're, don't, isn't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: thrive /θɹajv/, withstand /wɪðˈstænd/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: suction /ˈsʌkʃən/, squash /skwɔʃ/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: microscopic /ˌmaɪ.kɹəˈskɑ.pɪk/, invertebrate /ɪnˈvəːtɪbrət/, metabolism /məˈtæb.əˌlɪz.əm/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: revive /ɹɪˈvaɪ̯v/, thrive /θɹajv/, invertebrate /ɪnˈvəːtɪbrət/, outwards /ˈaʊtwɚdz/, seaweed /ˈsiwid/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: comprise /kəmˈpɹaɪz/, outwards /ˈaʊtwɚdz/, metabolism /məˈtæb.əˌlɪz.əm/
- /æ/ — “ऐ” से ज़्यादा खुला: retract /ɹɪˈtɹækt/, asteroid /ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/, cavity /ˈkæv.ɪt.i/, withstand /wɪðˈstænd/, metabolism /məˈtæb.əˌlɪz.əm/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर claw, revive, thrive जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।