Shadowing Practice: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3 - Learn English Speaking with Video
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of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.
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Passage 3.
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How to make wise decisions.
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Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities.
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Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests
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that it isn't an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions,
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given the right context.
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It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,
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says Associate Professor Igor Grossman of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.
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Recent empirical findings from cognitive,
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developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts.
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Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.
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It seems that it's not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors.
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It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors, explains Grossman.
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In other words, wisdom is not solely an inner quality, but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in.
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Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.
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Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossman and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning.
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One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand.
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Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.
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Grossman and his colleagues have also found
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that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in
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our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend.
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Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on the focal features of the environment
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and when we adopt a third person observer viewpoint we reason more broadly
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and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality.
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Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.
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What are we to do then
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when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work
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that require us to take a personal stake?
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Grossman argues that even when we aren't able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.
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For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects.
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The students were instructed to imagine their career either, as if you were a distant observer, or, before your own eyes as if you were right there.
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Participants in the group assigned to the distant observer role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning, intellectual humility and recognition of change,
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than did participants in the control group.
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In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider
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or from their own perspective.
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Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it.
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Couples in the others' eyes condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning,
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recognizing others' perspectives and searching for a compromise compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.
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Ego decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change, says Grossman.
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We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits,
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but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness.
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It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next,
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and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment
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and its social and effective outcomes as compared to the generalized traits grossman explains
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that is knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions
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or likelihood to forgive or retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise in general
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación de nivel C1 se basa en el vídeo “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 3”. Las palabras que más se repiten: wisdom, wise, grossman, situation, perspective. Este vídeo tiene 47 frases y 776 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 4:40. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 167 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 74 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| trait sustantivo | /tɹeɪt/ | rasgo, característica |
| contextual adjetivo | contextual | |
| humility sustantivo | /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/ | humildad |
| wisely adverbio | /ˈwaɪzli/ | sabiamente |
| viewpoint sustantivo | /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/ | punto visual, punto visivo |
| participant sustantivo | /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/ | participante, partícipe |
| observer sustantivo | /əbˈzɝvɚ/ | observador |
| experiential adjetivo | /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/ | experiencial, vivencial |
| instruct verbo | /ɪnˈstɹʌkt/ | instruir |
| empirical adjetivo | /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/ | empírico |
| colleague sustantivo | /ˈkɒliːɡ/ | colega, compañero |
| possess verbo | /pəˈzɛs/ | poseer |
| characterize verbo | /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/ | caracterizar |
| crystallize verbo | /ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/ | cristalizar |
| egocentric adjetivo | /ˌiːɡəʊˈsɛntɹɪk/ | egocéntrico, ensimismado |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| come up with verbo | ingeniar, ingeniarse |
| write down verbo | apuntar, anotar |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | has been considered · can be enhanced · were asked |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | has been considered · have identified · have also found |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, negotiate /nəˈɡəʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, participant /pɑːɹˈtɪsəpənt/, experiential /ɪkˌspɪɹiˈɛnʃəl/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, empirical /ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: viewpoint /ˈvjuː.pɔɪnt/, observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, expansive /ɪkˈspænsɪv/, revere /ɹɪˈvɪə(ɹ)/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: wisely /ˈwaɪzli/, observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, possess /pəˈzɛs/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/, crystallize /ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/
- /h/ — una aspiración suave, no la “j”: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, enhance /ɪnˈhæns/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como trait, contextual, humility.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.