Практика Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Cambridge IELTS 16, Reading Test 3.
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Passage 1.
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Roman Shipbuilding and Navigation.
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Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools.
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Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience.
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The Romans were not traditionally sailors, but mostly land-based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered,
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namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.
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There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging.
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Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques.
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Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship.
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Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together.
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Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon,
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whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching.
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Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first
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and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship.
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This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times.
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The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequaled until the 16th century CE.
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Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy.
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They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull.
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They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea's surface following naval battles.
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They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels.
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Warships used both wind, sails, and human power and were therefore very fast.
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Eventually, Rome's navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called mer nostrum meaning a sea.
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There were many kinds of warship.
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The Trireme was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE.
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It had roars in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 roars in each bank.
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The roars at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers
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and were exposed to the water entering through the oar holes.
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It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military.
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The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.
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Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost.
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They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability.
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Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast.
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They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern
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and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables.
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They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow.
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Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task.
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In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.
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The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials, for example iron bars, copper, marble and granite, and agricultural products,
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for example grain from Egypt's Nile Valley.
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During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about 1 million inhabitants.
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Goods from all over the world would come to the city
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through the port of Popeswoli situated west of the Bay of Naples in Italy
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and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River.
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Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.
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The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely.
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Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience,
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local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena.
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In conditions of good visibility, seaman in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation.
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They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognizable landmarks.
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When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or,
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with less accuracy, from the sun at noon.
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They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell.
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Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their empire.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 1». Чаще всего повторяются слова: ship, Roman, ancient, warship, hull. В этом видео 54 предложений и 822 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:44. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 144 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. Только 73% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| sail существительное | /seɪl/ | па́рус, ветри́ло |
| warship существительное | /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/ | вое́нный кора́бль |
| hull существительное | /hʌl/ | шелуха́, скорлупа́ |
| shipbuilding существительное | судострое́ние, кораблестрое́ние | |
| merchant существительное | /ˈmɝt͡ʃənt/ | торго́вец, купе́ц |
| rower существительное | /ˈɹəʊ.ə(ɹ)/ | гребе́ц |
| plank существительное | /ˈplæŋk/ | доска́, пла́нка |
| roar глагол | /ˈɹoɹ/ | реве́ть, рыча́ть |
| navigation существительное | /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/ | навига́ция |
| oar существительное | /oɹ/ | весло́ |
| shipbuilder существительное | судострои́тель, кораблестрои́тель | |
| sophisticated прилагательное | искушённый, умудрённый | |
| proceed глагол | /pɹəˈsid/ | продвига́ться, продви́нуться |
| situated прилагательное | /ˈsɪt͡ʃueɪtɪd/ | располо́женный, находя́щийся |
| cargo существительное | /ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/ | груз, това́р |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is based · were fixed · were unequaled |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | coast, which is · ram, which was |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, shorten /ˈʃɔɹtn̩/, succession /səkˈsɛʃ.ən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, estimation /ˌɛs.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, triangular /tɹaɪˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/, visibility /ˌvɪz.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: warship /ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/, swell /swɛl/, whereby /wɛə(ɹ)ˈbaɪ/, lightweight /ˈlaɪt.weɪt/, underwater /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: hull /hʌl/, inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/, inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: proceed /pɹəˈsid/, situated /ˈsɪt͡ʃueɪtɪd/, supersede /ˌsuːpəˈsiːd/, rig /ɹɪɡ/, mainland /ˈmeɪnlənd/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как sail, warship, hull.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.