Практика Shadowing: Cambridge 15 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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Part 4.
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You will hear part of a lecture on the early history of keeping clean.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Nowadays we use different products for personal cleanliness, laundry, dishwashing and household cleaning,
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but this is very much a 20th century development.
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The origins of cleanliness date back to prehistoric times.
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Since water is essential for life, the earliest people lived near water and knew something about its cleansing properties,
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at least that it rinsed mud off their hands.
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During the excavation of ancient Babylon,
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evidence was found that soap-making was known as early as 2800 BC.
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Archaeologists discovered cylinders made of clay, with inscriptions on them saying that fats were boiled with ashes.
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This is a method of making soap, though there's no reference to the purpose of this material.
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The early Greeks bathed for aesthetic reasons and apparently didn't use soap.
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Instead, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of sand, pumice and ashes, then anointed themselves with oil,
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and scraped off the oil and dirt with a metal instrument known as a strigil.
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They also used oil mixed with ashes.
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Clothes were washed without soap in streams.
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The ancient Germans
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and Gauls are also credited with discovering how to make a substance called soap made of melted animal fat and ashes.
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They used this mixture to tint their hair red.
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Soap got its name, according to an ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sappo, where animals were sacrificed,
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leaving deposits of animal fat.
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Rain washed these deposits, along with wood ashes, down into the clay soil along the River Tiber.
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Women found that this mixture greatly reduced the effort required to wash their clothes.
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As Roman civilization advanced, so did bathing.
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The first of the famous Roman baths, supplied with water from their aqueducts, was built around 312 BC.
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The baths were luxurious, and bathing became very popular.
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And by the second century AD, the Greek physician Galen recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing purposes.
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After the fall of Rome in 467 AD and the resulting decline in bathing habits,
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much of Europe felt the impact of filth on public health.
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This lack of personal cleanliness and related unsanitary living conditions were major factors in the outbreaks of disease in the Middle Ages,
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and especially the Black Death of the 14th century.
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Nevertheless, soap-making became an established craft in Europe, and associations of soap-makers guarded their trade secrets closely.
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Vegetable and animal oils were used with ashes of plants, along with perfume, apparently for the first time.
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Gradually, more varieties of soap became available for shaving and shampooing, as well as bathing and laundering.
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A major step toward large-scale commercial soap-making occurred in 1791, when a French chemist, Nicolas Leblanc,
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patented a process for turning salt into soda ash, or sodium carbonate.
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Soda ash is the alkali obtained from ashes that combines with fat to form soap.
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The Leblanc process yielded quantities of good quality, inexpensive soda ash.
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Modern soap-making was born some twenty years later, in the early nineteenth century, with a discovery by Michel-Eugène Chevrol,
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another French chemist, of the chemical nature and relationship of fats, glycerine, and fatty acids.
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His studies established the basis for both fat and soap chemistry, and soap making became a science.
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Further developments during the 19th century made it easier and cheaper to manufacture soap.
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Until the 19th century, soap was regarded as a luxury item, and was heavily taxed in several countries.
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As it became more readily available, it became an everyday necessity, a development that was reinforced when the high tax was removed.
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Soap was then something ordinary people could afford, and cleanliness standards improved.
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With this widespread use came the development of milder soaps for bathing
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and soaps for use in the washing machines that were available to consumers by the turn of the 20th century.
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That is the end of Part 4.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to Part 4.
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Thank you.
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That is the end of the listening test.
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In the IELTS test, you would now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня C1 построен на видео «Cambridge 15 Test 3 Section 4 Listening». Чаще всего повторяются слова: soap, ashes, century, fat, became. В этом видео 55 предложений и 701 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 7:45. Говорящий говорит медленно, около 91 слов в минуту, поэтому есть время повторить каждый звук. Только 73% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| cleanliness существительное | /ˈklɛn.li.nᵻs/ | чистота́, чи́стость |
| soda существительное | /ˈsoʊdə/ | со́да, карбона́т на́трия |
| cleanse глагол | /klɛnz/ | очищать |
| chemist существительное | /ˈkɛmɪst/ | хи́мик |
| cloth существительное | /klɒθ/ | ткань, мате́рия |
| alkali существительное | /ˈæl.kəˌlaɪ/ | щёлочь |
| anoint глагол | /əˈnɔɪnt/ | сма́зывать, сма́зать |
| aqueduct существительное | /ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/ | акведу́к |
| archaeologist существительное | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | архео́лог |
| carbonate существительное | /ˈkɑɹbəneɪt/ | карбона́т |
| excavation существительное | /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/ | копа́ние, рытьё |
| glycerine существительное | /ˈɡlɪsəɹɪn/ | глицерин |
| launder глагол | /ˈlɔndɚ/ | отмывать |
| prehistoric прилагательное | /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/ | доистори́ческий |
| pumice существительное | /ˈpʌm.ɪs/ | пе́мза |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «th»: cloth /klɒθ/, nineteenth /ˌnaɪnˈtiːnθ/, aesthetic /ɛsˈθɛ.tɪk/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, inscription /ɪnˈskɹɪpʃən/, luxurious /lʌɡˈʒʊəɹi.əs/, shampoo /ʃæmˈpuː/, shave /ˈʃeɪ̯v/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, prehistoric /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/, medicinal /məˈdɪ.sɪ.nəl/, luxurious /lʌɡˈʒʊəɹi.əs/, inexpensive /ˌɪnɪkˈspɛnsɪv/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: aqueduct /ˈæk.wəˌdʌkt/, quantity /ˈkwɑn(t)ɪti/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: cleanse /klɛnz/, inexpensive /ˌɪnɪkˈspɛnsɪv/, shave /ˈʃeɪ̯v/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как cleanliness, soda, cleanse.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.