تدريب Shadowing: Cambridge 15 Test 3 Section 4 Listening - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
1
Part 4.
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You will hear part of a lecture on the early history of keeping clean.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Nowadays we use different products for personal cleanliness, laundry, dishwashing and household cleaning,
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but this is very much a 20th century development.
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The origins of cleanliness date back to prehistoric times.
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Since water is essential for life, the earliest people lived near water and knew something about its cleansing properties,
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at least that it rinsed mud off their hands.
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During the excavation of ancient Babylon,
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evidence was found that soap-making was known as early as 2800 BC.
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Archaeologists discovered cylinders made of clay, with inscriptions on them saying that fats were boiled with ashes.
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This is a method of making soap, though there's no reference to the purpose of this material.
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The early Greeks bathed for aesthetic reasons and apparently didn't use soap.
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Instead, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of sand, pumice and ashes, then anointed themselves with oil,
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and scraped off the oil and dirt with a metal instrument known as a strigil.
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They also used oil mixed with ashes.
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Clothes were washed without soap in streams.
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The ancient Germans
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and Gauls are also credited with discovering how to make a substance called soap made of melted animal fat and ashes.
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They used this mixture to tint their hair red.
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Soap got its name, according to an ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sappo, where animals were sacrificed,
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leaving deposits of animal fat.
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Rain washed these deposits, along with wood ashes, down into the clay soil along the River Tiber.
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Women found that this mixture greatly reduced the effort required to wash their clothes.
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As Roman civilization advanced, so did bathing.
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The first of the famous Roman baths, supplied with water from their aqueducts, was built around 312 BC.
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The baths were luxurious, and bathing became very popular.
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And by the second century AD, the Greek physician Galen recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing purposes.
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After the fall of Rome in 467 AD and the resulting decline in bathing habits,
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much of Europe felt the impact of filth on public health.
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This lack of personal cleanliness and related unsanitary living conditions were major factors in the outbreaks of disease in the Middle Ages,
34
and especially the Black Death of the 14th century.
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Nevertheless, soap-making became an established craft in Europe, and associations of soap-makers guarded their trade secrets closely.
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Vegetable and animal oils were used with ashes of plants, along with perfume, apparently for the first time.
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Gradually, more varieties of soap became available for shaving and shampooing, as well as bathing and laundering.
38
A major step toward large-scale commercial soap-making occurred in 1791, when a French chemist, Nicolas Leblanc,
39
patented a process for turning salt into soda ash, or sodium carbonate.
40
Soda ash is the alkali obtained from ashes that combines with fat to form soap.
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The Leblanc process yielded quantities of good quality, inexpensive soda ash.
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Modern soap-making was born some twenty years later, in the early nineteenth century, with a discovery by Michel-Eugène Chevrol,
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another French chemist, of the chemical nature and relationship of fats, glycerine, and fatty acids.
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His studies established the basis for both fat and soap chemistry, and soap making became a science.
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Further developments during the 19th century made it easier and cheaper to manufacture soap.
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Until the 19th century, soap was regarded as a luxury item, and was heavily taxed in several countries.
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As it became more readily available, it became an everyday necessity, a development that was reinforced when the high tax was removed.
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Soap was then something ordinary people could afford, and cleanliness standards improved.
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With this widespread use came the development of milder soaps for bathing
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and soaps for use in the washing machines that were available to consumers by the turn of the 20th century.
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That is the end of Part 4.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to Part 4.
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Thank you.
54
That is the end of the listening test.
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In the IELTS test, you would now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

هذا الدرس في المحادثة بمستوى C1 مبني على الفيديو “Cambridge 15 Test 3 Section 4 Listening”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: soap, ashes, century, fat, became. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 55 جملة و701 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 7:45. يتكلم المتحدث ببطء، بمعدل 91 كلمة في الدقيقة تقريبًا، فيكون لديك وقت لتقليد كل صوت. 73% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

أصعب 15 كلمة في الفيديو، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمةالنطقالمعنى
cleanliness اسم/ˈklɛn.li.nᵻs/نَظَافَة
soda اسم/ˈsoʊdə/صُودَا, كَرْبُونَات اَلصُّودْيُوم
chemist اسم/ˈkɛmɪst/كِيمِيَائِيّ
cloth اسم/klɒθ/قُمَاش, أقمشة
alkali اسم/ˈæl.kəˌlaɪ/قَلَوِيّ
archaeologist اسم/ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/عَالِم آثَار
prehistoric صفة/ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/مَا قَبْلَ التَّارِيخ
pumice اسم/ˈpʌm.ɪs/خَفَاف, حجر البركان
scrape فعل/skɹeɪp/خَمَشَ
medicinal صفة/məˈdɪ.sɪ.nəl/عِلَاجِيّ
inscription اسم/ɪnˈskɹɪpʃən/نَقْش
luxurious صفة/lʌɡˈʒʊəɹi.əs/فَخْم
shampoo اسم/ʃæmˈpuː/شَامْبُو
reinforce فعل/ˌɹiː.ɪnˈfɔːs/قَوَّى
perfume اسم/ˈpɝfjuːm/أَرِيج, عَبِير

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

  • أصوات “th”: cloth /klɒθ/, nineteenth /ˌnaɪnˈtiːnθ/, aesthetic /ɛsˈθɛ.tɪk/
  • أصوات “sh” و“zh”: excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, inscription /ɪnˈskɹɪpʃən/, luxurious /lʌɡˈʒʊəɹi.əs/, shampoo /ʃæmˈpuː/, shave /ˈʃeɪ̯v/
  • الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, prehistoric /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/, medicinal /məˈdɪ.sɪ.nəl/, luxurious /lʌɡˈʒʊəɹi.əs/, inexpensive /ˌɪnɪkˈspɛnsɪv/

أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:

  • /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: prehistoric /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/, pumice /ˈpʌm.ɪs/, scrape /skɹeɪp/, inscription /ɪnˈskɹɪpʃən/, inexpensive /ˌɪnɪkˈspɛnsɪv/
  • /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: excavation /ˌɛkskəˈveɪʃn/, inexpensive /ˌɪnɪkˈspɛnsɪv/, shave /ˈʃeɪ̯v/, vegetable /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
  • تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: cleanliness /ˈklɛn.li.nᵻs/, cleanse /klɛnz/, chemist /ˈkɛmɪst/, cloth /klɒθ/, anoint /əˈnɔɪnt/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

  1. استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
  2. ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
  3. سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل cleanliness, soda, chemist.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

تقنية الشادوينغ: اقرأ الدليل الكامل خطوة بخطوة →