تدريب Shadowing: Cambridge 15 Test 1 Section 4 Listening - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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Part 4.
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You will hear a student giving a presentation about a type of tree known as the eucalyptus, which is common in Australia.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Today, I'm going to talk about the eucalyptus tree.
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This is a very common tree here in Australia, where it's also sometimes called the gum tree.
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First, I'm going to talk about why it's important, then I'm going to describe some problems it faces at present.
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Right, well, the eucalyptus tree is an important tree for lots of reasons.
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For example, it gives shelter to creatures like birds and bats,
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and these and other species also depend on it for food,
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particularly the nectar from its flowers. So it supports biodiversity.
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It's useful to us humans too because we can kill germs with a disinfectant made from oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves.
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The eucalyptus grows all over Australia and the trees can live for up to 400 years.
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So it's alarming that all across the country numbers of eucalyptus are falling because the trees are dying off prematurely.
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So what are the reasons for this?
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One possible reason is disease.
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As far back as the 1970s, the trees started getting a disease called mundula yellows.
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The tree's leaves would gradually turn yellow, then the tree would die.
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It wasn't until 2004 that they found the cause of the problem was lime,
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or calcium hydroxide to give it its proper chemical name, which was being used in the construction of roads.
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The lime was being washed away into the ground and affecting the roots of the eucalyptus trees nearby
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What it was doing was preventing the trees from sucking up the iron they needed for healthy growth
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When this was injected back into the affected trees they immediately recovered
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But this problem only affected a relatively small number of trees By 2000,
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huge numbers of eucalyptus were dying along Australia's east coast of
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a disease known as bell minor -associated dieback The bell minor is a bird
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and the disease seems to be common where there are high populations of bell minors Again,
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it's the leaves of the trees that are affected What happens is
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that insects settle on the leaves and eat their way round them, destroying them as they go, and at the same time,
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they secrete a solution which has sugar in it.
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The bell miner birds really like this solution, and in order to get as much as possible,
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they keep away other creatures that might try to get it.
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So these birds and insects flourish at the expense of other species,
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and eventually so much damage is done to the leaves that the tree dies.
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But experts say that trees can start looking sick before any sign of bell minor -associated dieback.
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So it looks as if the problem might have another explanation.
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One possibility is that it's to do with the huge bushfires that we have in Australia.
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A theory proposed over 40 years ago by ecologist William Jackson is
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that the frequency of bushfires in a particular region affects the type of vegetation that grows there.
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If there are very frequent bushfires in a region, this encourages grass to grow afterwards,
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while if the bushfires are rather less frequent, this results in the growth of eucalyptus forests.
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So why is this?
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Why do fairly frequent bushfires actually support the growth of eucalyptus?
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Well, one reason is that the fire stops the growth of other species which would consume water needed by eucalyptus trees. And there's another reason.
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If these other quick -growing species of bushes and plants are allowed to proliferate,
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they harm the eucalyptus in another way by affecting the composition of the soil and removing nutrients from it.
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So some bushfires are actually essential for the eucalyptus to survive as long as they are not too frequent. In fact, there's evidence
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that Australia's indigenous people practised regular burning of bushland for thousands of years before the arrival of the Europeans.
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But since Europeans arrived on the continent, the number of bushfires has been strictly controlled.
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Now, scientists believe that this reduced frequency of bushfires to low levels has led to what's known as dry rainforest,
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which seems an odd name as usually we associate tropical rainforest with wet conditions.
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And what's special about this type of rainforest?
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Well, unlike tropical rainforest, which is a rich ecosystem,
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this type of ecosystem is usually a simple one It has very thick,
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dense vegetation, but not much variety of species The vegetation provides lots of shade
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So one species that does find it ideal is the bell miner bird,
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which builds its nests in the undergrowth there But again, that's not helpful for the eucalyptus tree.
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That is the end of part four.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to part four.
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Thank you.
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That is the end of the listening test.
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In the IELTS test, you would now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “Cambridge 15 Test 1 Section 4 Listening”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: tree, eucalyptus, bushfires, bell, species. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 63 جملة و845 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 9:04. يتكلم المتحدث ببطء، بمعدل 93 كلمة في الدقيقة تقريبًا، فيكون لديك وقت لتقليد كل صوت. 83% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| leaf اسم | /lif/ | وَرَقَة, وَرَقة |
| frequent صفة | /ˈfɹiː.kwənt/ | مُتَكَرِّر |
| vegetation اسم | /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/ | خُضْرَة, عَشَابَة |
| frequency اسم | /ˈfɹiːkwənsi/ | تَرَدُّد |
| tropical صفة | /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/ | مَدَارِيّ |
| lime اسم | /laɪm/ | لَيْم, بَنْزَهِير |
| ecosystem اسم | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | نِظَام بِيئِي |
| insect اسم | /ˈɪn.sɛkt/ | حَشَرَة |
| harm اسم | /hɑːm/ | ضَرَرٌ |
| carefully ظرف | /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ | بِعِنَايَة |
| thick صفة | /θɪk/ | سَمِيك, غَلِيظ |
| wash فعل | /wɑʃ/ | غَسَلَ |
| encourage فعل | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | شَجَّعَ |
| arrival اسم | /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/ | وُصُول, وِفَادَة |
| explanation اسم | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | تَفْسِير, شَرْح |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | being washed · was injected · are affected |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | eucalyptus, which is · name, which was · solution which has |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | has been · has led |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 4 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل I'm, wasn't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: thick /θɪk/, undergrowth /ˈʌndɚˌɡɹoʊθ/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, wash /wɑʃ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, sheet /ʃit/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: tropical /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/, presentation /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, arrival /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/, arrive /əˈɹaɪv/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvɚsəti/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: frequent /ˈfɹiː.kwənt/, frequency /ˈfɹiːkwənsi/, tropical /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/, insect /ˈɪn.sɛkt/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل leaf, frequent, vegetation.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.