シャドーイング練習: Cambridge 15 Test 1 Section 4 Listening - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Part 4.
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You will hear a student giving a presentation about a type of tree known as the eucalyptus, which is common in Australia.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Today, I'm going to talk about the eucalyptus tree.
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This is a very common tree here in Australia, where it's also sometimes called the gum tree.
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First, I'm going to talk about why it's important, then I'm going to describe some problems it faces at present.
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Right, well, the eucalyptus tree is an important tree for lots of reasons.
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For example, it gives shelter to creatures like birds and bats,
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and these and other species also depend on it for food,
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particularly the nectar from its flowers. So it supports biodiversity.
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It's useful to us humans too because we can kill germs with a disinfectant made from oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves.
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The eucalyptus grows all over Australia and the trees can live for up to 400 years.
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So it's alarming that all across the country numbers of eucalyptus are falling because the trees are dying off prematurely.
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So what are the reasons for this?
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One possible reason is disease.
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As far back as the 1970s, the trees started getting a disease called mundula yellows.
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The tree's leaves would gradually turn yellow, then the tree would die.
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It wasn't until 2004 that they found the cause of the problem was lime,
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or calcium hydroxide to give it its proper chemical name, which was being used in the construction of roads.
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The lime was being washed away into the ground and affecting the roots of the eucalyptus trees nearby
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What it was doing was preventing the trees from sucking up the iron they needed for healthy growth
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When this was injected back into the affected trees they immediately recovered
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But this problem only affected a relatively small number of trees By 2000,
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huge numbers of eucalyptus were dying along Australia's east coast of
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a disease known as bell minor -associated dieback The bell minor is a bird
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and the disease seems to be common where there are high populations of bell minors Again,
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it's the leaves of the trees that are affected What happens is
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that insects settle on the leaves and eat their way round them, destroying them as they go, and at the same time,
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they secrete a solution which has sugar in it.
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The bell miner birds really like this solution, and in order to get as much as possible,
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they keep away other creatures that might try to get it.
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So these birds and insects flourish at the expense of other species,
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and eventually so much damage is done to the leaves that the tree dies.
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But experts say that trees can start looking sick before any sign of bell minor -associated dieback.
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So it looks as if the problem might have another explanation.
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One possibility is that it's to do with the huge bushfires that we have in Australia.
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A theory proposed over 40 years ago by ecologist William Jackson is
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that the frequency of bushfires in a particular region affects the type of vegetation that grows there.
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If there are very frequent bushfires in a region, this encourages grass to grow afterwards,
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while if the bushfires are rather less frequent, this results in the growth of eucalyptus forests.
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So why is this?
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Why do fairly frequent bushfires actually support the growth of eucalyptus?
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Well, one reason is that the fire stops the growth of other species which would consume water needed by eucalyptus trees. And there's another reason.
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If these other quick -growing species of bushes and plants are allowed to proliferate,
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they harm the eucalyptus in another way by affecting the composition of the soil and removing nutrients from it.
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So some bushfires are actually essential for the eucalyptus to survive as long as they are not too frequent. In fact, there's evidence
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that Australia's indigenous people practised regular burning of bushland for thousands of years before the arrival of the Europeans.
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But since Europeans arrived on the continent, the number of bushfires has been strictly controlled.
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Now, scientists believe that this reduced frequency of bushfires to low levels has led to what's known as dry rainforest,
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which seems an odd name as usually we associate tropical rainforest with wet conditions.
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And what's special about this type of rainforest?
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Well, unlike tropical rainforest, which is a rich ecosystem,
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this type of ecosystem is usually a simple one It has very thick,
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dense vegetation, but not much variety of species The vegetation provides lots of shade
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So one species that does find it ideal is the bell miner bird,
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which builds its nests in the undergrowth there But again, that's not helpful for the eucalyptus tree.
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That is the end of part four.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to part four.
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Thank you.
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That is the end of the listening test.
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In the IELTS test, you would now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Cambridge 15 Test 1 Section 4 Listening」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：tree, eucalyptus, bushfires, bell, species。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が63文、単語が845語あります。 音声の長さは9:04です。 話す速さはゆっくりで、1分あたり約93語です。一つ一つの音をまねる余裕があります。 単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| leaf 名詞 | /lif/ | 葉, 葉っぱ |
| frequent 形容詞 | /ˈfɹiː.kwənt/ | 頻繁な |
| associate 名詞 | /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/ | 提携者 |
| vegetation 名詞 | /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/ | 草木, 植生 |
| frequency 名詞 | /ˈfɹiːkwənsi/ | 頻度 |
| tropical 形容詞 | /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/ | 熱帯, 回帰線 |
| lime 名詞 | /laɪm/ | ライム |
| ecosystem 名詞 | /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ | 生態系 |
| insect 名詞 | /ˈɪn.sɛkt/ | 昆虫 |
| miner 名詞 | /ˈmaɪnə(ɹ)/ | 鉱夫, 坑夫 |
| carefully 副詞 | /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ | じっくり, 慎重に |
| thick 形容詞 | /θɪk/ | 太い, 厚い |
| wash 動詞 | /wɑʃ/ | 洗う |
| encourage 動詞 | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | 勇気付ける, 奨励する |
| arrival 名詞 | /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/ | 到着, 到達 |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | being washed · was injected · are affected |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | eucalyptus, which is · name, which was · solution which has |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has been · has led |
注意したい発音
話し手はI'm, wasn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を4回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: thick /θɪk/, undergrowth /ˈʌndɚˌɡɹoʊθ/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, wash /wɑʃ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, sheet /ʃit/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: tropical /ˈtɹɑ.pɪ.kəl/, carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/, arrival /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/, alarm /əˈlɑɹm/, gradually /ˈɡɹæd͡ʒuəli/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, arrival /əˈɹaɪ.vl̩/, arrive /əˈɹaɪv/, recover /ɹɪˈkʌvɚ/, biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvɚsəti/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: leaf /lif/, frequent /ˈfɹiː.kwənt/, frequency /ˈfɹiːkwənsi/, carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。leaf, frequent, associateなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。