シャドーイング練習: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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Passage 3.
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Plant thermometer triggers springtime growth by measuring nighttime heat.
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A photoreceptor molecule in plant cells has been found to have
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a second job as a thermometer after dark allowing plants to read seasonal temperature changes.
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Scientists say the discovery could help breed crops that are more resilient to the temperatures expected to result from climate change.
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A. An international team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge has discovered
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that the thermometer molecule in plants enables them to develop according to seasonal temperature changes.
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Researchers have revealed that molecules called phytochromes, used by plants to detect light during the day,
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actually change their function in darkness to become cellular temperature gauges that measure the heat of the night.
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The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature as well as light to dictate plant development.
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B. At night, these molecules change states, and the pace at which they change is directly proportional to temperature,
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say scientists, who compare phytochromes to mercury in a thermometer.
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The warmer it is, the faster the molecular change, stimulating plant growth.
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Sea farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature, warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early,
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something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year.
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The latest research pinpoints for the first time a molecular mechanism in plants
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that reacts to temperature often triggering the buds of spring we long to see at the end of winter.
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E With weather and temperatures set to become ever more unpredictable due to climate change,
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say the discovery that this light-sensing molecule also functions as the internal thermometer in plant cells could help us breed tougher crops.
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It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this.
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Key crops, such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures.
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Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% for every 1 degree increase in temperature,
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says lead researcher wigger from cambridge's sainsbury laboratory discovering the molecules
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that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress
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and climate change e in their active state phytochrome molecules bind
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themselves to dna to restrict plant growth during the day sunlight activates the the molecules, slowing down growth.
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If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated, enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again.
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This is how plants compete to escape each other's shade.
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Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second, says Wigger.
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At night, however, it's a different story.
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Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state.
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This is called dark reversion.
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Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate at which phytochromes revert to their inactive state during the night is a direct measure of temperature, says Wigger.
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F. The lower the temperature, the slower the rate at which phytochromes revert to inactivity,
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so the molecules spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state.
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This is why plants are slower to grow in winter.
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Warm temperatures accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes rapidly reach an inactive state and detach themselves from the plant's DNA,
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allowing genes to be expressed and plant growth to resume.
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Wigger believes phytochrome thermosensing evolved at a later stage,
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and co-opted the biological network already used for light-based growth during the downtime of night.
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Gee some plants mainly use day length as an indicator of the season.
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Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter. In fact,
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the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season, oak before ash we'll have a splash,
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ash before oak we're in for a soak.
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Wigge explains, oak trees rely much more on temperature, likely using phytochromes as thermometers to dictate development,
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whereas ash trees rely on measuring day length to determine their seasonal timing.
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A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer, will result in oak leafing before ash.
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A cold spring will see the opposite.
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As the British know only too well, a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one.
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H. The new findings are the culmination of 12 years of research involving scientists from Germany,
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Argentina, and the U.S., as well as the Cambridge team.
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The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis,
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but Wigger says the phytochrome genes necessary for temperature sensing are found in crop plants as well.
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Recent advances in plant genetics now mean that scientists are able to rapidly identify the genes controlling these processes in crop plants,
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and even alter their activity using precise molecular scalpels, adds Wigger.
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Cambridge is uniquely well positioned to do this kind of research
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as we have outstanding collaborators nearby who work on more applied aspects of plant biology
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and can help us transfer this new knowledge into the field.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：plant, temperature, phytochrome, molecule, thermometer。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が58文、単語が872語あります。 音声の長さは6:07です。 話す速さは1分あたり約143語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は72%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| molecule 名詞 | /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/ | 分子 |
| thermometer 名詞 | /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/ | 温度計, 体温計 |
| inactive 形容詞 | /ɪnˈæktɪv/ | 不活発な, 休止中の |
| breed 動詞 | /ˈbɹiːd/ | 育てる, 育成する |
| soak 動詞 | /soʊk/ | 濡れる, 浸る 染みる |
| accelerate 動詞 | /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/ | 加速する |
| sunlight 名詞 | /ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/ | 日光, 太陽光 |
| researcher 名詞 | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | 研究員, 研究者 |
| mercury 名詞 | /ˈmɜɹkjəɹi/ | 水銀 |
| predict 動詞 | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | 予言する |
| collaborator 名詞 | /kəˈlæbəɹeɪtɚ/ | 合作者, 協力者 |
| daffodil 名詞 | /ˈdæfəˌdɪl/ | ラッパズイセン |
| downtime 名詞 | /ˈdaʊnˌtaɪm/ | ダウンタイム |
| inactivate 動詞 | /ɪˈnæktɪveɪt/ | 不活発にする |
| nighttime 名詞 | /ˈnaɪtˌtaɪm/ | 夜間, 夜分 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| slow down 動詞 | 遅らせる |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | has been found · is estimated · is called |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has been found · has discovered · have revealed |
注意したい発音
- 「th」の音: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: reversion /ɹɪˈvɚʒən/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/, splash /splæʃ/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, collaborator /kəˈlæbəɹeɪtɚ/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。molecule, thermometer, inactiveなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。