शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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58 वाक्य
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Passage 3.
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Plant thermometer triggers springtime growth by measuring nighttime heat.
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A photoreceptor molecule in plant cells has been found to have
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a second job as a thermometer after dark allowing plants to read seasonal temperature changes.
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Scientists say the discovery could help breed crops that are more resilient to the temperatures expected to result from climate change.
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A. An international team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge has discovered
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that the thermometer molecule in plants enables them to develop according to seasonal temperature changes.
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Researchers have revealed that molecules called phytochromes, used by plants to detect light during the day,
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actually change their function in darkness to become cellular temperature gauges that measure the heat of the night.
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The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature as well as light to dictate plant development.
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B. At night, these molecules change states, and the pace at which they change is directly proportional to temperature,
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say scientists, who compare phytochromes to mercury in a thermometer.
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The warmer it is, the faster the molecular change, stimulating plant growth.
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Sea farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature, warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early,
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something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year.
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The latest research pinpoints for the first time a molecular mechanism in plants
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that reacts to temperature often triggering the buds of spring we long to see at the end of winter.
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E With weather and temperatures set to become ever more unpredictable due to climate change,
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say the discovery that this light-sensing molecule also functions as the internal thermometer in plant cells could help us breed tougher crops.
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It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this.
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Key crops, such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures.
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Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% for every 1 degree increase in temperature,
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says lead researcher wigger from cambridge's sainsbury laboratory discovering the molecules
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that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress
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and climate change e in their active state phytochrome molecules bind
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themselves to dna to restrict plant growth during the day sunlight activates the the molecules, slowing down growth.
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If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated, enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again.
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This is how plants compete to escape each other's shade.
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Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second, says Wigger.
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At night, however, it's a different story.
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Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state.
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This is called dark reversion.
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Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate at which phytochromes revert to their inactive state during the night is a direct measure of temperature, says Wigger.
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F. The lower the temperature, the slower the rate at which phytochromes revert to inactivity,
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so the molecules spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state.
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This is why plants are slower to grow in winter.
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Warm temperatures accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes rapidly reach an inactive state and detach themselves from the plant's DNA,
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allowing genes to be expressed and plant growth to resume.
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Wigger believes phytochrome thermosensing evolved at a later stage,
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and co-opted the biological network already used for light-based growth during the downtime of night.
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Gee some plants mainly use day length as an indicator of the season.
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Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter. In fact,
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the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season, oak before ash we'll have a splash,
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ash before oak we're in for a soak.
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Wigge explains, oak trees rely much more on temperature, likely using phytochromes as thermometers to dictate development,
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whereas ash trees rely on measuring day length to determine their seasonal timing.
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A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer, will result in oak leafing before ash.
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A cold spring will see the opposite.
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As the British know only too well, a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one.
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H. The new findings are the culmination of 12 years of research involving scientists from Germany,
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Argentina, and the U.S., as well as the Cambridge team.
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The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis,
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but Wigger says the phytochrome genes necessary for temperature sensing are found in crop plants as well.
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Recent advances in plant genetics now mean that scientists are able to rapidly identify the genes controlling these processes in crop plants,
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and even alter their activity using precise molecular scalpels, adds Wigger.
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Cambridge is uniquely well positioned to do this kind of research
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as we have outstanding collaborators nearby who work on more applied aspects of plant biology
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and can help us transfer this new knowledge into the field.

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

यह C1 स्तर का स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: plant, temperature, phytochrome, molecule, thermometer। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 58 वाक्य और 872 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 6:07 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 143 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। केवल 72% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्दउच्चारणअर्थ
molecule संज्ञा/ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/अणु, व्यूहाणु
thermometer संज्ञा/θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/तापमापी, थर्मामीटर
inactive विशेषण/ɪnˈæktɪv/निष्क्रिय, अक्रिय
soak क्रिया/soʊk/सोखना
sunlight संज्ञा/ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/धूप
researcher संज्ञा/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/शोधकर्ता, शोधक
distress संज्ञा/dɪˈstɹɛs/तनाव, दुख
mercury संज्ञा/ˈmɜɹkjəɹi/पारा, पारद
daffodil संज्ञा/ˈdæfəˌdɪl/नरगिस, नर्गिस
inactivity संज्ञा/ˌɪn.ækˈtɪ.vɪ.ti/निष्क्रियता
rhyme संज्ञा/ɹaɪm/तुक
mustard संज्ञा/ˈmʌstəɹd/सरसों, ख़र्दल
altar संज्ञा/ˈɔl.tɚ/वेदी
genetics संज्ञा/dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/अनुवांशिकी
cellular विशेषण/ˈsɛl.ju.lə/सेलुलर

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचनावीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता हैhas been found · is estimated · is called
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी हैhas been found · has discovered · have revealed

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

  • “th” की ध्वनियाँ: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
  • “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: reversion /ɹɪˈvɚʒən/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/, splash /splæʃ/
  • लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, collaborator /kəˈlæbəɹeɪtɚ/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

  1. पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
  2. सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
  3. अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर molecule, thermometer, inactive जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →