تدريب Shadowing: Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3 - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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Passage 3.
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Plant thermometer triggers springtime growth by measuring nighttime heat.
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A photoreceptor molecule in plant cells has been found to have
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a second job as a thermometer after dark allowing plants to read seasonal temperature changes.
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Scientists say the discovery could help breed crops that are more resilient to the temperatures expected to result from climate change.
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A. An international team of scientists led by the University of Cambridge has discovered
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that the thermometer molecule in plants enables them to develop according to seasonal temperature changes.
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Researchers have revealed that molecules called phytochromes, used by plants to detect light during the day,
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actually change their function in darkness to become cellular temperature gauges that measure the heat of the night.
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The new findings, published in the journal Science, show that phytochromes control genetic switches in response to temperature as well as light to dictate plant development.
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B. At night, these molecules change states, and the pace at which they change is directly proportional to temperature,
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say scientists, who compare phytochromes to mercury in a thermometer.
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The warmer it is, the faster the molecular change, stimulating plant growth.
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Sea farmers and gardeners have known for hundreds of years how responsive plants are to temperature, warm winters cause many trees and flowers to bud early,
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something humans have long used to predict weather and harvest times for the coming year.
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The latest research pinpoints for the first time a molecular mechanism in plants
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that reacts to temperature often triggering the buds of spring we long to see at the end of winter.
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E With weather and temperatures set to become ever more unpredictable due to climate change,
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say the discovery that this light-sensing molecule also functions as the internal thermometer in plant cells could help us breed tougher crops.
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It is estimated that agricultural yields will need to double by 2050, but climate change is a major threat to achieving this.
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Key crops, such as wheat and rice are sensitive to high temperatures.
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Thermal stress reduces crop yields by around 10% for every 1 degree increase in temperature,
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says lead researcher wigger from cambridge's sainsbury laboratory discovering the molecules
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that allow plants to sense temperature has the potential to accelerate the breeding of crops resilient to thermal stress
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and climate change e in their active state phytochrome molecules bind
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themselves to dna to restrict plant growth during the day sunlight activates the the molecules, slowing down growth.
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If a plant finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly inactivated, enabling it to grow faster to find sunlight again.
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This is how plants compete to escape each other's shade.
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Light-driven changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, in less than a second, says Wigger.
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At night, however, it's a different story.
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Instead of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the molecules gradually change from their active to inactive state.
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This is called dark reversion.
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Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate at which phytochromes revert to their inactive state during the night is a direct measure of temperature, says Wigger.
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F. The lower the temperature, the slower the rate at which phytochromes revert to inactivity,
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so the molecules spend more time in their active, growth-suppressing state.
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This is why plants are slower to grow in winter.
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Warm temperatures accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes rapidly reach an inactive state and detach themselves from the plant's DNA,
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allowing genes to be expressed and plant growth to resume.
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Wigger believes phytochrome thermosensing evolved at a later stage,
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and co-opted the biological network already used for light-based growth during the downtime of night.
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Gee some plants mainly use day length as an indicator of the season.
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Other species, such as daffodils, have considerable temperature sensitivity, and can flower months in advance during a warm winter. In fact,
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the discovery of the dual role of phytochromes provides the science behind a well-known rhyme long used to predict the coming season, oak before ash we'll have a splash,
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ash before oak we're in for a soak.
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Wigge explains, oak trees rely much more on temperature, likely using phytochromes as thermometers to dictate development,
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whereas ash trees rely on measuring day length to determine their seasonal timing.
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A warmer spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a hot summer, will result in oak leafing before ash.
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A cold spring will see the opposite.
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As the British know only too well, a colder summer is likely to be a rain-soaked one.
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H. The new findings are the culmination of 12 years of research involving scientists from Germany,
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Argentina, and the U.S., as well as the Cambridge team.
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The work was done in a model system, using a mustard plant called Arabidopsis,
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but Wigger says the phytochrome genes necessary for temperature sensing are found in crop plants as well.
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Recent advances in plant genetics now mean that scientists are able to rapidly identify the genes controlling these processes in crop plants,
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and even alter their activity using precise molecular scalpels, adds Wigger.
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Cambridge is uniquely well positioned to do this kind of research
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as we have outstanding collaborators nearby who work on more applied aspects of plant biology
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and can help us transfer this new knowledge into the field.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

هذا الدرس في المحادثة بمستوى C1 مبني على الفيديو “Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 3 Passage 3”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: plant, temperature, phytochrome, molecule, thermometer. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 58 جملة و872 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 6:07. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 143 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 72% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

أصعب 15 كلمة في الفيديو، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمةالنطقالمعنى
molecule اسم/ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/جُزَيْء
thermometer اسم/θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/تِرْمُومِتْر, مِقْيَاسُ الْحَرَارَة
inactive صفة/ɪnˈæktɪv/خَامِد
resilient صفة/ɹɪˈzɪl.jənt/مَرِن
dictate فعل/ˈdɪkˌteɪt/أَمْلَى
soak فعل/soʊk/اِبْتَلَّ
accelerate فعل/ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/سَرَّعَ
sunlight اسم/ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/ضَوْء شَمْس, نُور شَمْس
researcher اسم/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/بَاحِث, بَاحِثَة
distress اسم/dɪˈstɹɛs/مِحْنَة
mercury اسم/ˈmɜɹkjəɹi/زِئْبَق, زَاؤُوق
predict فعل/pɹɪˈdɪkt/تَنَبَّأَ
daffodil اسم/ˈdæfəˌdɪl/نَرْجُس بَرِّيّ
downtime اسم/ˈdaʊnˌtaɪm/فترة التعطيل
nighttime اسم/ˈnaɪtˌtaɪm/لَيْلُ

القواعد في هذا الفيديو

أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:

التركيبفي الفيديو
المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعلهhas been found · is estimated · is called
المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآنhas been found · has discovered · have revealed

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

  • أصوات “th”: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
  • أصوات “sh” و“zh”: reversion /ɹɪˈvɚʒən/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/, splash /splæʃ/
  • الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, collaborator /kəˈlæbəɹeɪtɚ/, culmination /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, deactivation /ˌdiːæktɪˈveɪʃən/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

  1. استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
  2. ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
  3. سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل molecule, thermometer, inactive.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

تقنية الشادوينغ: اقرأ الدليل الكامل خطوة بخطوة →