跟讀練習: What Are You? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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80 句

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Are you your body?

Well, kind of, right?

嗯，差不多是這樣，對吧？

But is there a line where this stops being true?

但是否存在一個界限，過了這條界限之後，這種說法就不再成立了？

How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?

在你不再是你之前，你能捨棄多少屬於自己的東西？

And does the question even make sense?

而且這個問題本身真的有意義嗎？

Your physical existence is cells.

你的肉身存在是由細胞構成的。

trillions of them, at least 10 times more than there are stars in the Milky Way.

它們的數量多達數萬億，至少比銀河系中的恆星數量多十倍。

A cell is a living being, a machine made of up to 50,000 different proteins.

細胞是一個生命體，是由多達5萬種不同蛋白質構成的機器。

It has no consciousness, no will, no purpose, it just is.

它沒有意識，沒有意志，沒有目的，它只是存在著。

But it is still an individual.

但它仍然是一個個體。

Together, your cells form huge structures for jobs like preparing food, gathering resources, transporting stuff around, scanning the environment, and so on.

你的細胞共同組成了龐大的結構，以完成諸如準備食物、收集資源、運輸物質、掃描環境等工作。

If you extract cells from your body and put them in the right environment, they will continue to stay alive for a while.

So your cells can exist without you.

But you can't exist without them.

If we take all the cells away, there is no you anymore.

Is there a line where a pile of your cells stops being you?

For example, if you donate an organ, billions of your cells will continue to live on inside someone else.

Does this mean that a part of you became a part of another person?

Or is this other body keeping a part of you alive?

Or let us imagine an experiment.

You and a random person from the street exchange cells.

One at a time, your body gets one of their cells, their body gets one of your cells, at which point would they become you?

Would they ever, or is this just a very slow and gross way to teleport you?

Let's make this more complicated.

The image of ourselves as a static thing is untenable.

Almost all of your cells have to die during your lifetime.

250 million have died since the beginning of this video alone.

Between 1 and 3 million per second.

In a 7 year period, most of your cells are replaced at least once.

Every time your cell setup changes, you are slightly different than before.

So a part of you is dying constantly.

If you are lucky enough to become old, you would have cycled through roughly a million billion cells.

So what you consider yourself is really just a snapshot.

But sometimes, cells are broken and don't want to die, questioning the very nature of the unity of our bodies.

We call them cancer.

They cancel the biological social contract and become basically immortal.

Cancer is not an outside invader, it's a part of you that puts its own survival over yours.

But you could also argue that a cancer cell becomes another entity inside us, another being that just wants to thrive and survive.

Can we blame it for that?

A chilling cell story is that of Henrietta Lacks, a young cancer patient who died in 1951.

Usually, cells only survived for a few days in the lab, making research very hard.

Henrietta's cancer cells were immortal.

Over the decades, they were multiplied over and over again and used for countless research projects, saving countless lives.

Henrietta's cells are still alive and overall have been grown to at least 20 tons of biomass.

So there are living parts around the world from someone who has been considered dead for decades.

How much of Henrietta is in these cells?

What makes one of your cells you anyway?

Maybe the information contained in it?

Your DNA.

Until recently, it was believed that all the cells in your body had basically the same genetic code.

But it turns out this is wrong.

Your genome is mobile, changing over time through mutations and environmental influences.

This is especially the case in your brain.

According to recent discoveries, a single neuron in an adult brain has more than 1,000 mutations in its genetic code

that are not present in the cells surrounding it.

But how much you is your DNA really?

About 8% of the human genome is made up of viruses that once infected our ancestors and merged with us.

Mitochondria, power plants of the cell, once were bacteria that merged with the ancestors of your cells.

They still have their own DNA.

An average cell has hundreds of them.

Hundreds of little things that are not really human, but they still kind of are.

It is confusing.

Let's backtrack a bit.

We know that you're made up of trillions of little things, made from more little things that are constantly changing.

Together, all those little things are not static, but dynamic.

Their composition and condition is changing constantly.

So we might just be a self-sustaining pattern, without clear borders, that gained self-awareness at some point,

and now has the ability to think about itself through time and space, really only exists in this exact very moment.

Where did this pattern start?

With your conception?

When the first human arose?

When life first began conquering our small planet?

Or when the elements that make up your body were forged in a star?

Our human brains evolved to deal with absolutes.

The fuzzy borders that make up reality are hard to grasp.

Maybe ideas like beginning and end, life and death, you and me, are really not absolute, but ideas belonging to a fluent pattern,

a pattern that is lost in this strange and beautiful universe.

The problem of who we are isn't just a question of ourselves, but it's also a question of our minds.

Just as our cells can be divided and separated from us, so can our very brains be divided and separated from us while still in the skull.

Click here to go to my channel and watch the next part.

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FOR YOU

本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“What Are You?”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：cell, cancer, pattern, brain。這段影片共有 80 個句子、943 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 6:12。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 152 個詞，接近日常對話。 86% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。全部 80 個句子中有 20 個是問句，適合練習疑問語調和簡短回答。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
ancestor 名詞	/ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/	祖先
mutation 名詞	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	突變 /突變, 變種 /變種
genome 名詞	/ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/	基因組 /基因組, 基因體 /基因體
merge 動詞	/mɝd͡ʒ/	合併
immortal 形容詞	/ɪˈmɔɹtəl/	不朽的
countless 形容詞	/ˈkaʊntləs/	無數 /無數
bacterium 名詞	/bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/	細菌 /細菌
biomass 名詞	/ˈbaɪoʊˌmæs/	生物量
infect 動詞	/ɪnˈfɛkt/	傳染 /傳染, 感染
invader 名詞	/ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/	侵略者, 侵入者
mitochondrion 名詞	/ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/	線粒體 /線粒體, 粒線體 /粒線體
multiply 動詞	/ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/	增長 /增長
neuron 名詞	/ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/	神經細胞 /神經細胞, 神經元 /神經元
teleport 動詞	/ˈtɛləpɔː(ɹ)t/	傳送 /傳送
untenable 形容詞		站不住腳的 /站不住腳的, 立場薄弱的 /立場薄弱的

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
make up 動詞	/ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/	組成 /組成
turn out 動詞		原來 /原來

值得反覆跟讀的句子

影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：

Are you your body?
How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?
Can we blame it for that?
What makes one of your cells you anyway?
When life first began conquering our small planet?

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	are replaced · are broken · were multiplied
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	have been grown · has been considered

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 4 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 can't, don't, isn't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, snapshot /ˈsnæpʃɒt/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 ancestor, mutation, genome 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: What Are You? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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