シャドーイング練習: What Are You? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Are you your body?

あなたは自分の体そのものですか？

Well, kind of, right?

まあ、そんな感じだよね？

But is there a line where this stops being true?

でも、これが成り立たなくなる境界線のようなものは存在するのでしょうか？

How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?

自分自身が「自分」でなくなってしまうまでに、どれだけの自分を取り除くことができるだろうか？

And does the question even make sense?

そもそもその質問は意味をなしているのだろうか？

Your physical existence is cells.

trillions of them, at least 10 times more than there are stars in the Milky Way.

A cell is a living being, a machine made of up to 50,000 different proteins.

It has no consciousness, no will, no purpose, it just is.

But it is still an individual.

Together, your cells form huge structures for jobs like preparing food, gathering resources, transporting stuff around, scanning the environment, and so on.

If you extract cells from your body and put them in the right environment, they will continue to stay alive for a while.

So your cells can exist without you.

But you can't exist without them.

If we take all the cells away, there is no you anymore.

Is there a line where a pile of your cells stops being you?

For example, if you donate an organ, billions of your cells will continue to live on inside someone else.

Does this mean that a part of you became a part of another person?

Or is this other body keeping a part of you alive?

Or let us imagine an experiment.

You and a random person from the street exchange cells.

One at a time, your body gets one of their cells, their body gets one of your cells, at which point would they become you?

Would they ever, or is this just a very slow and gross way to teleport you?

Let's make this more complicated.

The image of ourselves as a static thing is untenable.

Almost all of your cells have to die during your lifetime.

250 million have died since the beginning of this video alone.

Between 1 and 3 million per second.

In a 7 year period, most of your cells are replaced at least once.

Every time your cell setup changes, you are slightly different than before.

So a part of you is dying constantly.

If you are lucky enough to become old, you would have cycled through roughly a million billion cells.

So what you consider yourself is really just a snapshot.

But sometimes, cells are broken and don't want to die, questioning the very nature of the unity of our bodies.

We call them cancer.

They cancel the biological social contract and become basically immortal.

Cancer is not an outside invader, it's a part of you that puts its own survival over yours.

But you could also argue that a cancer cell becomes another entity inside us, another being that just wants to thrive and survive.

Can we blame it for that?

A chilling cell story is that of Henrietta Lacks, a young cancer patient who died in 1951.

Usually, cells only survived for a few days in the lab, making research very hard.

Henrietta's cancer cells were immortal.

Over the decades, they were multiplied over and over again and used for countless research projects, saving countless lives.

Henrietta's cells are still alive and overall have been grown to at least 20 tons of biomass.

So there are living parts around the world from someone who has been considered dead for decades.

How much of Henrietta is in these cells?

What makes one of your cells you anyway?

Maybe the information contained in it?

Your DNA.

Until recently, it was believed that all the cells in your body had basically the same genetic code.

But it turns out this is wrong.

Your genome is mobile, changing over time through mutations and environmental influences.

This is especially the case in your brain.

According to recent discoveries, a single neuron in an adult brain has more than 1,000 mutations in its genetic code

that are not present in the cells surrounding it.

But how much you is your DNA really?

About 8% of the human genome is made up of viruses that once infected our ancestors and merged with us.

Mitochondria, power plants of the cell, once were bacteria that merged with the ancestors of your cells.

They still have their own DNA.

An average cell has hundreds of them.

Hundreds of little things that are not really human, but they still kind of are.

It is confusing.

Let's backtrack a bit.

We know that you're made up of trillions of little things, made from more little things that are constantly changing.

Together, all those little things are not static, but dynamic.

Their composition and condition is changing constantly.

So we might just be a self-sustaining pattern, without clear borders, that gained self-awareness at some point,

and now has the ability to think about itself through time and space, really only exists in this exact very moment.

Where did this pattern start?

With your conception?

When the first human arose?

When life first began conquering our small planet?

Or when the elements that make up your body were forged in a star?

Our human brains evolved to deal with absolutes.

The fuzzy borders that make up reality are hard to grasp.

Maybe ideas like beginning and end, life and death, you and me, are really not absolute, but ideas belonging to a fluent pattern,

a pattern that is lost in this strange and beautiful universe.

The problem of who we are isn't just a question of ourselves, but it's also a question of our minds.

Just as our cells can be divided and separated from us, so can our very brains be divided and separated from us while still in the skull.

Click here to go to my channel and watch the next part.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「What Are You?」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：cell, cancer, pattern, brain。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が80文、単語が943語あります。音声の長さは6:12です。話す速さは1分あたり約152語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。単語の86%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。全80文のうち20文が疑問文なので、疑問文のイントネーションや短い受け答えの練習に向いています。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
ancestor 名詞	/ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/	先祖, 祖先
mutation 名詞	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	変異, 突然変異
genome 名詞	/ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/	ゲノム
merge 動詞	/mɝd͡ʒ/	合わせる, 合併する
immortal 形容詞	/ɪˈmɔɹtəl/	不滅の, 死なない
countless 形容詞	/ˈkaʊntləs/	無数な, 無数の
static 形容詞	/ˈstæt.ɪk/	静的
bacterium 名詞	/bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/	細菌, バクテリア
biomass 名詞	/ˈbaɪoʊˌmæs/	バイオマス
infect 動詞	/ɪnˈfɛkt/	感染させる
invader 名詞	/ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/	侵略者
mitochondrion 名詞	/ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/	ミトコンドリア, 糸粒体
multiply 動詞	/ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/	掛ける
neuron 名詞	/ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/	神経細胞
snapshot 名詞	/ˈsnæpʃɒt/	スナップショット

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

Are you your body?
How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?
Can we blame it for that?
What makes one of your cells you anyway?
When life first began conquering our small planet?

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	are replaced · are broken · were multiplied
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have died · have been grown · has been considered

注意したい発音

話し手はcan't, don't, isn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を4回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, snapshot /ˈsnæpʃɒt/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。ancestor, mutation, genomeなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: What Are You? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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