シャドーイング練習: Who Am I? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Over a lifetime, all of us change to an extraordinary degree.

From a physical perspective, we start off as a little bundle about 50 cm high, with cherubic features and elastic soft skin.

And then we may end up, some 90 years later, as a stooped, grey, liver -spotted, 180 cm high structure.

In the intervening period, every single cell in our body will have been replaced,

often many times over, and will have gone through all kinds of experiences that perhaps leave almost no trace in memory.

The 25 -year -old won't remember most of what the 5 -year -old felt so strongly about.

The 67 -year -old will only dimly recall what was on their mind as they approached 30.

We carry the same name throughout our lives and consider ourselves as a relatively stable, unitary entity.

But is it really right to think of ourselves as the same person?

Once one puts it under a philosophical microscope, the issue of personal identity emerges as far trickier than at first assumed.

So in what ways could we be said to be continuous throughout time?

What does guarantee that we can plausibly think of ourselves as the same people over a lifetime?

Just where is personal identity located?

A standard assumption is that it's our body that guarantees our personal identity.

This is the theory that a key part of what makes me me is that I'm housed in an identical body.

But philosophers like to push this assumption around a little.

Imagine if I lost all my hair, would I still be me?

Yes, sure.

What if I lost a finger?

Yes, a leg?

Definitely.

Now, what if a malevolent demon appeared and told us that we'd have to lose every part of our bodies, but could keep just one bit.

Which bit would it be?

Few of us would pick our elbow or belly button.

Almost all of us would pick our brains.

Now that tells us something interesting.

We assume implicitly that some bits of our bodies are more me -ish, closer to the core of personal identity than others.

And the most me -ish of all the bits are our brains.

Christianity runs a version of this thought experiment.

It asked us to think what will happen after our death, and it imagines a separation of the body, ultimately not that significant, and the ongoing survival of a more modest,

precious bit that it calls the soul.

There's another version of this thought experiment that two lovers can play.

In the early throes of love, two people who've gone to bed together might ask, what do you really like about me?

The wrong answer is to say your fabulous breasts or your amazing muscular arms.

Breasts and chest don't ultimately feel me -ish enough to be a respectable answer.

It seems we want to be loved for something closer to our real self, perhaps our soul or our brain.

Now let's push the thought experiment further.

What bit of the brain is actually most crucial to being me?

Let's imagine that I have a bump to the head and lose my ability to play table tennis.

Am I still myself?

Most of us would say yes, sure.

What if I once spoke Latin and lose the ability or forgot how to cook asparagus with a light mayonnaise sauce?

Would I still be me?

Yes.

In other words, technical capacities don't feel very close to the core of personal identity.

What about other kinds of memories?

A big part of making me me Tends to be my

store of memories I remember the carpet in my bedroom

when I was growing up or the girl I was in love with at university

or the weather over Sydney as we came into land for my first Australian book tour

But what if these memories all vanished as well?

Could I still be me?

One view is possibly so long as something else remained and that thing we can call my character.

In other words, if my characteristic way of responding to situations, my sense of what is funny,

wise, interesting or important remain the same, I can still in some fundamental way claim to be the same person.

My memory store of feelings and behaviors might be gone, but I could be assured of continuing to feel and behave in compatible ways in the future.

Those around me would need to keep reminding me of stuff that had happened, but they would still recognize me as me.

A fascinating idea comes into view.

Personal identity seems to consist not in bodily survival, I could be put in somebody else's body or live in a jar and still be me,

nor in the survival of memory, I could forget everything and still be me, but in the survival of what we're here going to call character.

This is an idea attributed to the English philosopher John Locke who famously wrote

that personal identity is made up of what he called sameness of consciousness.

If a demon offered us a choice between remembering everything but feeling and valuing very differently,

or feeling and valuing the same sorts of things but remembering nothing, most of us would, Locke suggests, choose the latter.

So, if we have to boil personal identity down to its essence, it seems to come down to values, inclinations and temperament.

Let's think of death with all this in mind.

The standard view of death is that it's sad because it means the end of our identity.

Now, it certainly does mean the end

if we identify identity with the survival of our bodies or with that of our memories.

But if we think that who we are is to a large degree about our values and uncharacteristic loves and hates, then we are, in a sense,

granted a kind of immortality simply through the fact that these will continue to live on in our species as a whole,

lodged here and there, outside of their present home.

Perhaps what we have learnt to call a me was only

ever a temporary resting place for a set of ideas

and proclivities that are far are far older and are destined to live on far longer than our bodies.

We might attempt to be less sad about death by letting go of the idea

that we are a particular constellation of physical features.

We are always in a sense far longer lasting, far more transgenerational as a bundle of inclinations and ideas.

We will continue to crop up and live wherever those ideas

that are most characteristic of us will emerge as they must in the generations that are to come.

Focusing in on questions of identity has the paradoxical

and rather cheering effect of making us both less attached to certain bits of us

and more confident

that the really important things about who we have been will

survive in a way long after our bodies have returned to dust and our memories have been obliterated.

Thank you.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が86文、単語が1174語あります。音声の長さは7:16です。話す速さは1分あたり約162語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくるやや難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

survival /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/ (名詞) — 生存, サバイバル. The fact or act of surviving; continued existence or life.
experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ (名詞) — 実験. A test under controlled conditions made to either demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of…
guarantee /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ (名詞) — 保証. Anything that assures a certain outcome.
lifetime /ˈlaɪf.taɪm/ (名詞) — 生涯, 一生. The duration of the life of someone or something.
breast /bɹɛst/ (名詞) — 胸, 乳房. Either of the two organs on the front of a female human's chest, which contain the mammary glands; also the analogous organs in males.
demon /ˈdiː.mən/ (名詞) — 悪魔, 悪霊. An evil being resident in or working for Hell; a devil.
characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (名詞) — 特性, 特徴. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
bundle /ˈbʌn.dl̩/ (名詞) — 束. A group of objects held together by wrapping or tying.
emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/ (動詞) — 現れる. To come into view.
philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ (名詞) — 哲学者. A lover of wisdom.
finger /ˈfɪŋɡɚ/ (名詞) — 指. A slender jointed extremity of the human hand, (often) exclusive of the thumb, and the corresponding part, irrespective of including a thumb, in many other…
stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (名詞) — 馬小屋, 厩舎. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/ (形容詞) — 暫くの, 暫時の. Not permanent; existing only for a period or periods of time.
bedroom /ˈbɛdˌɹum/ (名詞) — 寝室. A room in a house, apartment, hotel, or other dwelling where a bed is kept for sleeping.
dust /dʌst/ (名詞) — 埃, ほこり. Fine, dry particles of matter found in the air and covering the surface of objects, typically consisting of soil lifted up by the wind, pollen, hair, fiber…

動画に出てくる句動詞

grow up (動詞) — 成長する, 大人に成る. To mature and become an adult.
put in (動詞) — 入れる. To place inside.

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, I'm, we'dなど、短縮形や弱形を7回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, separation /ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, assure /əˈʃʊɹ/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。survival, experiment, guaranteeなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	have been replaced · be said · be loved
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	who've gone · have learnt · have been

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Who Am I? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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