Pratica di Shadowing: Who Am I? - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Over a lifetime, all of us change to an extraordinary degree.
Nel corso della vita, tutti noi cambiamo in misura straordinaria.
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From a physical perspective, we start off as a little bundle about 50 cm high, with cherubic features and elastic soft skin.
Dal punto di vista fisico, iniziamo la nostra esistenza come un piccolo fagotto alto circa 50 cm, con tratti angelici e una pelle morbida ed elastica.
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And then we may end up, some 90 years later, as a stooped, grey, liver -spotted, 180 cm high structure.
E poi potremmo ritrovarci, circa 90 anni dopo, come una struttura curva, grigia, con macchie senili, alta 180 cm.
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In the intervening period, every single cell in our body will have been replaced,
Nel periodo intercorso, ogni singola cellula del nostro corpo sarà stata sostituita.
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often many times over, and will have gone through all kinds of experiences that perhaps leave almost no trace in memory.
spesso molte volte, e avrà attraversato ogni tipo di esperienza che forse lascia quasi nessuna traccia nella memoria.
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The 25 -year -old won't remember most of what the 5 -year -old felt so strongly about.
Il venticinquenne non ricorderà la maggior parte delle cose per cui il bambino di cinque anni provava sentimenti così forti.
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The 67 -year -old will only dimly recall what was on their mind as they approached 30.
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We carry the same name throughout our lives and consider ourselves as a relatively stable, unitary entity.
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But is it really right to think of ourselves as the same person?
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Once one puts it under a philosophical microscope, the issue of personal identity emerges as far trickier than at first assumed.
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So in what ways could we be said to be continuous throughout time?
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What does guarantee that we can plausibly think of ourselves as the same people over a lifetime?
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Just where is personal identity located?
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A standard assumption is that it's our body that guarantees our personal identity.
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This is the theory that a key part of what makes me me is that I'm housed in an identical body.
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But philosophers like to push this assumption around a little.
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Imagine if I lost all my hair, would I still be me?
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Yes, sure.
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What if I lost a finger?
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Yes, a leg?
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Definitely.
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Now, what if a malevolent demon appeared and told us that we'd have to lose every part of our bodies, but could keep just one bit.
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Which bit would it be?
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Few of us would pick our elbow or belly button.
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Almost all of us would pick our brains.
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Now that tells us something interesting.
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We assume implicitly that some bits of our bodies are more me -ish, closer to the core of personal identity than others.
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And the most me -ish of all the bits are our brains.
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Christianity runs a version of this thought experiment.
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It asked us to think what will happen after our death, and it imagines a separation of the body, ultimately not that significant, and the ongoing survival of a more modest,
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precious bit that it calls the soul.
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There's another version of this thought experiment that two lovers can play.
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In the early throes of love, two people who've gone to bed together might ask, what do you really like about me?
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The wrong answer is to say your fabulous breasts or your amazing muscular arms.
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Breasts and chest don't ultimately feel me -ish enough to be a respectable answer.
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It seems we want to be loved for something closer to our real self, perhaps our soul or our brain.
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Now let's push the thought experiment further.
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What bit of the brain is actually most crucial to being me?
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Let's imagine that I have a bump to the head and lose my ability to play table tennis.
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Am I still myself?
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Most of us would say yes, sure.
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What if I once spoke Latin and lose the ability or forgot how to cook asparagus with a light mayonnaise sauce?
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Would I still be me?
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Yes.
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In other words, technical capacities don't feel very close to the core of personal identity.
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What about other kinds of memories?
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A big part of making me me Tends to be my
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store of memories I remember the carpet in my bedroom
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when I was growing up or the girl I was in love with at university
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or the weather over Sydney as we came into land for my first Australian book tour
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But what if these memories all vanished as well?
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Could I still be me?
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One view is possibly so long as something else remained and that thing we can call my character.
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In other words, if my characteristic way of responding to situations, my sense of what is funny,
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wise, interesting or important remain the same, I can still in some fundamental way claim to be the same person.
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My memory store of feelings and behaviors might be gone, but I could be assured of continuing to feel and behave in compatible ways in the future.
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Those around me would need to keep reminding me of stuff that had happened, but they would still recognize me as me.
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A fascinating idea comes into view.
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Personal identity seems to consist not in bodily survival, I could be put in somebody else's body or live in a jar and still be me,
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nor in the survival of memory, I could forget everything and still be me, but in the survival of what we're here going to call character.
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This is an idea attributed to the English philosopher John Locke who famously wrote
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that personal identity is made up of what he called sameness of consciousness.
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If a demon offered us a choice between remembering everything but feeling and valuing very differently,
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or feeling and valuing the same sorts of things but remembering nothing, most of us would, Locke suggests, choose the latter.
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So, if we have to boil personal identity down to its essence, it seems to come down to values, inclinations and temperament.
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Let's think of death with all this in mind.
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The standard view of death is that it's sad because it means the end of our identity.
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Now, it certainly does mean the end
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if we identify identity with the survival of our bodies or with that of our memories.
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But if we think that who we are is to a large degree about our values and uncharacteristic loves and hates, then we are, in a sense,
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granted a kind of immortality simply through the fact that these will continue to live on in our species as a whole,
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lodged here and there, outside of their present home.
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Perhaps what we have learnt to call a me was only
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ever a temporary resting place for a set of ideas
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and proclivities that are far are far older and are destined to live on far longer than our bodies.
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We might attempt to be less sad about death by letting go of the idea
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that we are a particular constellation of physical features.
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We are always in a sense far longer lasting, far more transgenerational as a bundle of inclinations and ideas.
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We will continue to crop up and live wherever those ideas
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that are most characteristic of us will emerge as they must in the generations that are to come.
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Focusing in on questions of identity has the paradoxical
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and rather cheering effect of making us both less attached to certain bits of us
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and more confident
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that the really important things about who we have been will
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survive in a way long after our bodies have returned to dust and our memories have been obliterated.
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Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 86 frasi e 1174 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 7:16. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 162 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 84% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole meno comuni del video, con pronuncia e significato:
- survival /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/ (sostantivo) — sopravvivenza. The fact or act of surviving; continued existence or life.
- experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ (sostantivo) — esperimento. A test under controlled conditions made to either demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of…
- guarantee /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ (sostantivo) — garanzia. Anything that assures a certain outcome.
- lifetime /ˈlaɪf.taɪm/ (sostantivo) — durata, vita utile. The duration of the life of someone or something.
- breast /bɹɛst/ (sostantivo) — mammella, poppa. Either of the two organs on the front of a female human's chest, which contain the mammary glands; also the analogous organs in males.
- assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/ (sostantivo) — assunzione. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon oneself; the act of taking up or adopting.
- demon /ˈdiː.mən/ (sostantivo) — demone, demonio. An evil being resident in or working for Hell; a devil.
- characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (sostantivo) — caratteristica. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
- bundle /ˈbʌn.dl̩/ (sostantivo) — insieme, fascina. A group of objects held together by wrapping or tying.
- emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/ (verbo) — emergere, venire fuori. To come into view.
- philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ (sostantivo) — filosofo, filosofa. A lover of wisdom.
- finger /ˈfɪŋɡɚ/ (sostantivo) — dito, dita. A slender jointed extremity of the human hand, (often) exclusive of the thumb, and the corresponding part, irrespective of including a thumb, in many other…
- stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (sostantivo) — stalla, scuderia. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
- temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/ (aggettivo) — temporaneo. Not permanent; existing only for a period or periods of time.
- strongly /ˈstɹɔŋli/ (avverbio) — fortemente, fermamente. In a strong or powerful manner.
I phrasal verb che sentirai
- end up (verbo) — andare a finire, finire. To bring to a conclusion.
- go through (verbo) — attraversare. To travel from one end of something to the other.
- grow up (verbo) — crescere. To mature and become an adult.
- live on (verbo) — vivere di. To endure.
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 7 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come don't, I'm, we'd. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, separation /ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, assure /əˈʃʊɹ/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come survival, experiment, guarantee.
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | have been replaced · be said · be loved |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | who've gone · have learnt · have been |
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.