Практика Shadowing: Who Am I? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Over a lifetime, all of us change to an extraordinary degree.

From a physical perspective, we start off as a little bundle about 50 cm high, with cherubic features and elastic soft skin.

And then we may end up, some 90 years later, as a stooped, grey, liver -spotted, 180 cm high structure.

In the intervening period, every single cell in our body will have been replaced,

often many times over, and will have gone through all kinds of experiences that perhaps leave almost no trace in memory.

The 25 -year -old won't remember most of what the 5 -year -old felt so strongly about.

The 67 -year -old will only dimly recall what was on their mind as they approached 30.

We carry the same name throughout our lives and consider ourselves as a relatively stable, unitary entity.

But is it really right to think of ourselves as the same person?

Once one puts it under a philosophical microscope, the issue of personal identity emerges as far trickier than at first assumed.

So in what ways could we be said to be continuous throughout time?

What does guarantee that we can plausibly think of ourselves as the same people over a lifetime?

Just where is personal identity located?

A standard assumption is that it's our body that guarantees our personal identity.

This is the theory that a key part of what makes me me is that I'm housed in an identical body.

But philosophers like to push this assumption around a little.

Imagine if I lost all my hair, would I still be me?

Yes, sure.

What if I lost a finger?

Yes, a leg?

Definitely.

Now, what if a malevolent demon appeared and told us that we'd have to lose every part of our bodies, but could keep just one bit.

Which bit would it be?

Few of us would pick our elbow or belly button.

Almost all of us would pick our brains.

Now that tells us something interesting.

We assume implicitly that some bits of our bodies are more me -ish, closer to the core of personal identity than others.

And the most me -ish of all the bits are our brains.

Christianity runs a version of this thought experiment.

It asked us to think what will happen after our death, and it imagines a separation of the body, ultimately not that significant, and the ongoing survival of a more modest,

precious bit that it calls the soul.

There's another version of this thought experiment that two lovers can play.

In the early throes of love, two people who've gone to bed together might ask, what do you really like about me?

The wrong answer is to say your fabulous breasts or your amazing muscular arms.

Breasts and chest don't ultimately feel me -ish enough to be a respectable answer.

It seems we want to be loved for something closer to our real self, perhaps our soul or our brain.

Now let's push the thought experiment further.

What bit of the brain is actually most crucial to being me?

Let's imagine that I have a bump to the head and lose my ability to play table tennis.

Am I still myself?

Most of us would say yes, sure.

What if I once spoke Latin and lose the ability or forgot how to cook asparagus with a light mayonnaise sauce?

Would I still be me?

Yes.

In other words, technical capacities don't feel very close to the core of personal identity.

What about other kinds of memories?

A big part of making me me Tends to be my

store of memories I remember the carpet in my bedroom

when I was growing up or the girl I was in love with at university

or the weather over Sydney as we came into land for my first Australian book tour

But what if these memories all vanished as well?

Could I still be me?

One view is possibly so long as something else remained and that thing we can call my character.

In other words, if my characteristic way of responding to situations, my sense of what is funny,

wise, interesting or important remain the same, I can still in some fundamental way claim to be the same person.

My memory store of feelings and behaviors might be gone, but I could be assured of continuing to feel and behave in compatible ways in the future.

Those around me would need to keep reminding me of stuff that had happened, but they would still recognize me as me.

A fascinating idea comes into view.

Personal identity seems to consist not in bodily survival, I could be put in somebody else's body or live in a jar and still be me,

nor in the survival of memory, I could forget everything and still be me, but in the survival of what we're here going to call character.

This is an idea attributed to the English philosopher John Locke who famously wrote

that personal identity is made up of what he called sameness of consciousness.

If a demon offered us a choice between remembering everything but feeling and valuing very differently,

or feeling and valuing the same sorts of things but remembering nothing, most of us would, Locke suggests, choose the latter.

So, if we have to boil personal identity down to its essence, it seems to come down to values, inclinations and temperament.

Let's think of death with all this in mind.

The standard view of death is that it's sad because it means the end of our identity.

Now, it certainly does mean the end

if we identify identity with the survival of our bodies or with that of our memories.

But if we think that who we are is to a large degree about our values and uncharacteristic loves and hates, then we are, in a sense,

granted a kind of immortality simply through the fact that these will continue to live on in our species as a whole,

lodged here and there, outside of their present home.

Perhaps what we have learnt to call a me was only

ever a temporary resting place for a set of ideas

and proclivities that are far are far older and are destined to live on far longer than our bodies.

We might attempt to be less sad about death by letting go of the idea

that we are a particular constellation of physical features.

We are always in a sense far longer lasting, far more transgenerational as a bundle of inclinations and ideas.

We will continue to crop up and live wherever those ideas

that are most characteristic of us will emerge as they must in the generations that are to come.

Focusing in on questions of identity has the paradoxical

and rather cheering effect of making us both less attached to certain bits of us

and more confident

that the really important things about who we have been will

survive in a way long after our bodies have returned to dust and our memories have been obliterated.

Thank you.

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FOR YOU

Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

В этом видео 86 предложений и 1174 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 7:16. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 162 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 84% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:

survival /sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/ (существительное) — выжива́ние. The fact or act of surviving; continued existence or life.
experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ (существительное) — экспериме́нт, о́пыт. A test under controlled conditions made to either demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of…
guarantee /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ (существительное) — гара́нтия, пору́ка. Anything that assures a certain outcome.
lifetime /ˈlaɪf.taɪm/ (существительное) — продолжи́тельность жи́зни, це́лая жизнь. The duration of the life of someone or something.
breast /bɹɛst/ (существительное) — грудь, гру́ди. Either of the two organs on the front of a female human's chest, which contain the mammary glands; also the analogous organs in males.
assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/ (существительное) — приня́тие на себя́. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon oneself; the act of taking up or adopting.
demon /ˈdiː.mən/ (существительное) — бес, де́мон. An evil being resident in or working for Hell; a devil.
characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (существительное) — характе́рная черта́, отличи́тельная черта́. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
bundle /ˈbʌn.dl̩/ (существительное) — свя́зка, пучо́к. A group of objects held together by wrapping or tying.
emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/ (глагол) — появля́ться, появи́ться. To come into view.
philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ (существительное) — фило́соф. A lover of wisdom.
finger /ˈfɪŋɡɚ/ (существительное) — па́лец, перст. A slender jointed extremity of the human hand, (often) exclusive of the thumb, and the corresponding part, irrespective of including a thumb, in many other…
stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (существительное) — коню́шня, хлев. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/ (прилагательное) — вре́менный. Not permanent; existing only for a period or periods of time.
strongly /ˈstɹɔŋli/ (наречие) — си́льно. In a strong or powerful manner.

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

come down to (глагол) — спадать до. To reach by moving down or reducing.
end up (глагол) — зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться. To bring to a conclusion.
grow up (глагол) — расти́, выраста́ть. To mature and become an adult.
put in (глагол) — вставля́ть, вста́вить. To place inside.

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 7 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, I'm, we'd. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, separation /ˌsɛp.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, assure /əˈʃʊɹ/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, temporary /ˈtɛmp(əˌɹ)ɛɹi/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как survival, experiment, guarantee.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	have been replaced · be said · be loved
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	who've gone · have learnt · have been

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: Who Am I? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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