跟读练习: What Are You? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Are you your body?

Well, kind of, right?

嗯，差不多是这样，对吧？

But is there a line where this stops being true?

但是否存在一个界限，过了这条界限之后，这种说法就不再成立了？

How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?

在你不再是你之前，你能舍弃多少属于自己的东西？

And does the question even make sense?

而且这个问题本身真的有意义吗？

Your physical existence is cells.

你的肉身存在是由细胞构成的。

trillions of them, at least 10 times more than there are stars in the Milky Way.

它们的数量多达数万亿，至少比银河系中的恒星数量多十倍。

A cell is a living being, a machine made of up to 50,000 different proteins.

细胞是一个生命体，是由多达5万种不同蛋白质构成的机器。

It has no consciousness, no will, no purpose, it just is.

它没有意识，没有意志，没有目的，它只是存在着。

But it is still an individual.

但它仍然是一个个体。

Together, your cells form huge structures for jobs like preparing food, gathering resources, transporting stuff around, scanning the environment, and so on.

你的细胞共同组成了庞大的结构，以完成诸如准备食物、收集资源、运输物质、扫描环境等工作。

If you extract cells from your body and put them in the right environment, they will continue to stay alive for a while.

So your cells can exist without you.

But you can't exist without them.

If we take all the cells away, there is no you anymore.

Is there a line where a pile of your cells stops being you?

For example, if you donate an organ, billions of your cells will continue to live on inside someone else.

Does this mean that a part of you became a part of another person?

Or is this other body keeping a part of you alive?

Or let us imagine an experiment.

You and a random person from the street exchange cells.

One at a time, your body gets one of their cells, their body gets one of your cells, at which point would they become you?

Would they ever, or is this just a very slow and gross way to teleport you?

Let's make this more complicated.

The image of ourselves as a static thing is untenable.

Almost all of your cells have to die during your lifetime.

250 million have died since the beginning of this video alone.

Between 1 and 3 million per second.

In a 7 year period, most of your cells are replaced at least once.

Every time your cell setup changes, you are slightly different than before.

So a part of you is dying constantly.

If you are lucky enough to become old, you would have cycled through roughly a million billion cells.

So what you consider yourself is really just a snapshot.

But sometimes, cells are broken and don't want to die, questioning the very nature of the unity of our bodies.

We call them cancer.

They cancel the biological social contract and become basically immortal.

Cancer is not an outside invader, it's a part of you that puts its own survival over yours.

But you could also argue that a cancer cell becomes another entity inside us, another being that just wants to thrive and survive.

Can we blame it for that?

A chilling cell story is that of Henrietta Lacks, a young cancer patient who died in 1951.

Usually, cells only survived for a few days in the lab, making research very hard.

Henrietta's cancer cells were immortal.

Over the decades, they were multiplied over and over again and used for countless research projects, saving countless lives.

Henrietta's cells are still alive and overall have been grown to at least 20 tons of biomass.

So there are living parts around the world from someone who has been considered dead for decades.

How much of Henrietta is in these cells?

What makes one of your cells you anyway?

Maybe the information contained in it?

Your DNA.

Until recently, it was believed that all the cells in your body had basically the same genetic code.

But it turns out this is wrong.

Your genome is mobile, changing over time through mutations and environmental influences.

This is especially the case in your brain.

According to recent discoveries, a single neuron in an adult brain has more than 1,000 mutations in its genetic code

that are not present in the cells surrounding it.

But how much you is your DNA really?

About 8% of the human genome is made up of viruses that once infected our ancestors and merged with us.

Mitochondria, power plants of the cell, once were bacteria that merged with the ancestors of your cells.

They still have their own DNA.

An average cell has hundreds of them.

Hundreds of little things that are not really human, but they still kind of are.

It is confusing.

Let's backtrack a bit.

We know that you're made up of trillions of little things, made from more little things that are constantly changing.

Together, all those little things are not static, but dynamic.

Their composition and condition is changing constantly.

So we might just be a self-sustaining pattern, without clear borders, that gained self-awareness at some point,

and now has the ability to think about itself through time and space, really only exists in this exact very moment.

Where did this pattern start?

With your conception?

When the first human arose?

When life first began conquering our small planet?

Or when the elements that make up your body were forged in a star?

Our human brains evolved to deal with absolutes.

The fuzzy borders that make up reality are hard to grasp.

Maybe ideas like beginning and end, life and death, you and me, are really not absolute, but ideas belonging to a fluent pattern,

a pattern that is lost in this strange and beautiful universe.

The problem of who we are isn't just a question of ourselves, but it's also a question of our minds.

Just as our cells can be divided and separated from us, so can our very brains be divided and separated from us while still in the skull.

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FOR YOU

本课的词汇与口语要点

这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“What Are You?”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：cell, cancer, pattern, brain。这段视频共有 80 个句子、943 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 6:12。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 152 个词，接近日常对话。 86% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。全部 80 个句子中有 20 个是问句，适合练习疑问语调和简短回答。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
ancestor 名词	/ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/	祖先
mutation 名词	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	突變 /突变, 變種 /变种
genome 名词	/ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/	基因組 /基因组, 基因體 /基因体
merge 动词	/mɝd͡ʒ/	合并
immortal 形容词	/ɪˈmɔɹtəl/	不朽的
countless 形容词	/ˈkaʊntləs/	無數 /无数
bacterium 名词	/bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/	細菌 /细菌
biomass 名词	/ˈbaɪoʊˌmæs/	生物量
infect 动词	/ɪnˈfɛkt/	傳染 /传染, 感染
invader 名词	/ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/	侵略者, 侵入者
mitochondrion 名词	/ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/	線粒體 /线粒体, 粒線體 /粒线体
multiply 动词	/ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/	增長 /增长
neuron 名词	/ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/	神經細胞 /神经细胞, 神經元 /神经元
teleport 动词	/ˈtɛləpɔː(ɹ)t/	傳送 /传送
untenable 形容词		站不住腳的 /站不住脚的, 立場薄弱的 /立场薄弱的

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	发音	释义
make up 动词	/ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/	組成 /组成
turn out 动词		原來 /原来

值得反复跟读的句子

视频中简短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常对话里：

Are you your body?
How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?
Can we blame it for that?
What makes one of your cells you anyway?
When life first began conquering our small planet?

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	are replaced · are broken · were multiplied
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have died · have been grown · has been considered

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 4 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 can't, don't, isn't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, snapshot /ˈsnæpʃɒt/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 ancestor, mutation, genome 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: What Are You? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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