Prática de Shadowing: What Are You? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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1
Are you your body?
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Well, kind of, right?
Bem, mais ou menos, né?
3
But is there a line where this stops being true?
Mas existe um limite em que isso deixa de ser verdade?
4
How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?
Quanto de si mesmo você pode remover antes de deixar de ser você?
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And does the question even make sense?
E essa pergunta sequer faz sentido?
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Your physical existence is cells.
Sua existência física é células.
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trillions of them, at least 10 times more than there are stars in the Milky Way.
trilhões deles, pelo menos 10 vezes mais do que o número de estrelas na Via Láctea.
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A cell is a living being, a machine made of up to 50,000 different proteins.
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It has no consciousness, no will, no purpose, it just is.
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But it is still an individual.
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Together, your cells form huge structures for jobs like preparing food, gathering resources, transporting stuff around, scanning the environment, and so on.
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If you extract cells from your body and put them in the right environment, they will continue to stay alive for a while.
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So your cells can exist without you.
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But you can't exist without them.
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If we take all the cells away, there is no you anymore.
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Is there a line where a pile of your cells stops being you?
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For example, if you donate an organ, billions of your cells will continue to live on inside someone else.
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Does this mean that a part of you became a part of another person?
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Or is this other body keeping a part of you alive?
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Or let us imagine an experiment.
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You and a random person from the street exchange cells.
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One at a time, your body gets one of their cells, their body gets one of your cells, at which point would they become you?
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Would they ever, or is this just a very slow and gross way to teleport you?
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Let's make this more complicated.
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The image of ourselves as a static thing is untenable.
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Almost all of your cells have to die during your lifetime.
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250 million have died since the beginning of this video alone.
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Between 1 and 3 million per second.
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In a 7 year period, most of your cells are replaced at least once.
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Every time your cell setup changes, you are slightly different than before.
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So a part of you is dying constantly.
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If you are lucky enough to become old, you would have cycled through roughly a million billion cells.
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So what you consider yourself is really just a snapshot.
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But sometimes, cells are broken and don't want to die, questioning the very nature of the unity of our bodies.
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We call them cancer.
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They cancel the biological social contract and become basically immortal.
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Cancer is not an outside invader, it's a part of you that puts its own survival over yours.
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But you could also argue that a cancer cell becomes another entity inside us, another being that just wants to thrive and survive.
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Can we blame it for that?
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A chilling cell story is that of Henrietta Lacks, a young cancer patient who died in 1951.
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Usually, cells only survived for a few days in the lab, making research very hard.
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Henrietta's cancer cells were immortal.
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Over the decades, they were multiplied over and over again and used for countless research projects, saving countless lives.
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Henrietta's cells are still alive and overall have been grown to at least 20 tons of biomass.
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So there are living parts around the world from someone who has been considered dead for decades.
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How much of Henrietta is in these cells?
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What makes one of your cells you anyway?
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Maybe the information contained in it?
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Your DNA.
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Until recently, it was believed that all the cells in your body had basically the same genetic code.
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But it turns out this is wrong.
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Your genome is mobile, changing over time through mutations and environmental influences.
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This is especially the case in your brain.
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According to recent discoveries, a single neuron in an adult brain has more than 1,000 mutations in its genetic code
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that are not present in the cells surrounding it.
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But how much you is your DNA really?
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About 8% of the human genome is made up of viruses that once infected our ancestors and merged with us.
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Mitochondria, power plants of the cell, once were bacteria that merged with the ancestors of your cells.
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They still have their own DNA.
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An average cell has hundreds of them.
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Hundreds of little things that are not really human, but they still kind of are.
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It is confusing.
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Let's backtrack a bit.
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We know that you're made up of trillions of little things, made from more little things that are constantly changing.
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Together, all those little things are not static, but dynamic.
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Their composition and condition is changing constantly.
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So we might just be a self-sustaining pattern, without clear borders, that gained self-awareness at some point,
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and now has the ability to think about itself through time and space, really only exists in this exact very moment.
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Where did this pattern start?
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With your conception?
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When the first human arose?
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When life first began conquering our small planet?
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Or when the elements that make up your body were forged in a star?
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Our human brains evolved to deal with absolutes.
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The fuzzy borders that make up reality are hard to grasp.
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Maybe ideas like beginning and end, life and death, you and me, are really not absolute, but ideas belonging to a fluent pattern,
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a pattern that is lost in this strange and beautiful universe.
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The problem of who we are isn't just a question of ourselves, but it's also a question of our minds.
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Just as our cells can be divided and separated from us, so can our very brains be divided and separated from us while still in the skull.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “What Are You?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: cell, cancer, pattern, brain. Este vídeo tem 80 frases e 943 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:12. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 152 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 86% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar. 20 das 80 frases são perguntas, por isso é um bom treino para a entonação de perguntas e respostas curtas.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| ancestor substantivo | /ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/ | ancestral, antepassado |
| mutation substantivo | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutação |
| genome substantivo | /ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/ | genoma |
| merge verbo | /mɝd͡ʒ/ | unir, convergir |
| immortal adjetivo | /ɪˈmɔɹtəl/ | imortal |
| countless adjetivo | /ˈkaʊntləs/ | incontável, inumerável |
| static adjetivo | /ˈstæt.ɪk/ | estático |
| bacterium substantivo | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | bactéria |
| biomass substantivo | /ˈbaɪoʊˌmæs/ | biomassa |
| infect verbo | /ɪnˈfɛkt/ | infectar, contagiar |
| invader substantivo | /ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/ | invasor, invasora |
| mitochondrion substantivo | /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/ | mitocôndria |
| multiply verbo | /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ | multiplicar |
| neuron substantivo | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neurônio, neurónio |
| snapshot substantivo | /ˈsnæpʃɒt/ | vislumbre |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | compensar |
| turn out verbo | terminar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Are you your body?
- How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?
- Can we blame it for that?
- What makes one of your cells you anyway?
- When life first began conquering our small planet?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are replaced · are broken · were multiplied |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have died · have been grown · has been considered |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 4 contrações e formas reduzidas, como can't, don't, isn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, snapshot /ˈsnæpʃɒt/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como ancestor, mutation, genome.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.