Prática de Shadowing: Stem Cells - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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The human body contains organs such as bones, the brain, heart, and reproductive organs.
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The basic cells that give rise to all of the different cells in these organs are called stem cells.
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One type of stem cell is an egg cell from a woman that has been fertilized by a sperm from a man.
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This single cell, called a zygote, is the first cell in a developing human being.
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It's also called a totipotent stem cell because it can form any type of cell in the body,
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as well as the umbilical cord and placenta.
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After a zygote has divided a few times, it becomes an early-stage embryo called a blastocyst.
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Embryonic stem cells come from the cells inside the blastocyst.
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Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.
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This means they can form any cell in the body, but not the cells in the umbilical cord or placenta.
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In the lab, embryonic stem cells are donated from leftover embryos created during in vitro fertilization.
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In vitro fertilization is a procedure to help a woman become pregnant.
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Another type of stem cell is an adult stem cell.
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Small groups of these cells are found in some organs, such as the skin, after birth, and into adulthood.
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Adult stem cells are multipodent.
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This means they can only become a few different cell types related to the organ where they're found.
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For example, the skin contains a small number of adult stem cells that can divide to create new skin adult stem cells.
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Or, they can become more specialized skin cells to replace those that are lost due to cell aging or damage.
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In the lab, scientists can now induce or cause a regular body cell, such as a skin cell,
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to change into a pluripotent stem cell.
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Like embryonic stem cells, these induced pluripotent stem cells can become any type of cell in the body.
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Scientists study stem cells to learn how and why they become many different types of cells.
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In the future, these cells may be used to regrow tissues and organs that have been damaged by injury or disease.
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Stem cell therapy is a procedure that uses stem cells to treat a disease or condition.
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Currently, stem cell therapy only treats diseases and cancers of the blood.
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In leukemia, for example, the patient's bone marrow makes many abnormal white blood cells that can't do their job to fight infection.
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Over time, these abnormal cells crowd out the production of healthy white blood cells.
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In stem cell therapy for leukemia, called hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,
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a a doctor will take a sample of blood or bone marrow from the patient or a donor.
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In some cases, donor blood may come from a baby's umbilical cord after it's born.
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These tissue samples contain healthy hematopoietic or blood-forming stem cells.
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Then, doctors will give the patient chemotherapy drugs or use radiation to kill the abnormal white blood cells and their stem cells.
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Once the abnormal cells are gone, the doctor will transplant the healthy hematopoietic stem cells from the tissue samples into the patient.
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These healthy stem cells will make new blood cells, including normal white blood cells, which will allow the body to fight off infections.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 34 frases e 536 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:39. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 115 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. Apenas 76% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| stem substantivo | /stɛm/ | ramo |
| organ substantivo | /ˈɔːɡən/ | órgão |
| abnormal adjetivo | /ˌæbˈnɔɹ.ml̩/ | anormal |
| bone substantivo | /boʊn/ | osso |
| tissue substantivo | /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/ | tecido |
| cord substantivo | /ˈkoɹd/ | corda, barbante |
| procedure substantivo | /pɹəˈsiː.d͡ʒə/ | procedimento |
| infection substantivo | /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/ | infecção, infeccionamento |
| scientist substantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | cientista |
| divide verbo | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | dividir, separar |
| donor substantivo | /ˈdəʊnə/ | doador |
| induce verbo | /ɪnˈduːs/ | induzir |
| marrow substantivo | /ˈmæɹəʊ/ | medula, tutano |
| radiation substantivo | /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ | irradiação, radiação |
| donate verbo | /ˈdoʊˌneɪt/ | doar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are called · has been fertilized · are donated |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has been fertilized · has divided · have been damaged |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, reproductive /ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌktɪv/, chemotherapy /ˌkiːməʊˈθɛɹəpi/, embryonic /ˈɛm.bɹi.ɒn.ɪk/, pluripotent /plʊəˈɹɪpətənt/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como stem, organ, abnormal.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.