Prática de Shadowing: Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Cells are the smallest living units of an organism.
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All cells have three things in common, no matter what type of cell they are.
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All cells have a cell membrane, which separates the inside of the cell from its environment,
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cytoplasm, which is a jelly-like fluid, and DNA, which is the cell's genetic material.
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There are two broad categories of cells.
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The first category is eukaryotic cells.
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They have organelles, which include the nucleus and other special parts.
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Eukaryotic cells are more advanced, complex cells, such as those found in plants and animals.
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The second category is prokaryotic cells.
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They don't have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles.
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They do have genetic material, but it's not contained within a nucleus.
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Prokaryotic cells are always one-celled or unicellular organisms, such as bacteria. So, what are organelles?
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Organelle means little organ.
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Organelles are the specialized parts of a cell that have unique jobs to perform.
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Let's start with the nucleus, the control center of the cell.
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The nucleus contains DNA, or genetic material.
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DNA dictates what the cell is going to do and how it's going to do it.
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Chromatin is the tangled, spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane.
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When a cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into structures known as chromosomes.
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The nucleus also contains a nucleolus, which is a structure where ribosomes are made.
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After ribosomes leave the nucleus, they will have the important job of synthesizing or making proteins.
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Outside the nucleus, the ribosomes and the rest of the organelles float around in cytoplasm, which is the jelly-like substance.
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may wander freely within the cytoplasm or attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, sometimes abbreviated as ER.
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There are two types of ER.
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Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, and smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes attached to it.
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The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-enclosed passageway for transporting materials, such as the proteins synthesized by ribosomes.
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Proteins and other materials emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum in small vesicles,
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where the Golgi apparatus, sometimes called the Golgi body, receives them.
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As proteins move through the Golgi body, they're customized into forms that the cell can use.
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The Golgi body does this by folding the proteins into usable shapes
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or adding other materials onto them such as lipids or carbohydrates.
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Vacuoles are sac-like structures that store different materials.
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Here in this plant cell, the central vacuole stores water.
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Going back to the animal cell, you will see an organelle called a lysosome.
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Lysosomes are the garbage collectors that take in damaged or worn out cell parts.
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They are filled with enzymes that break down this cellular debris.
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The mitochondrion is an organelle that is the powerhouse for both animal and plant cells.
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During a process called cellular respiration,
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the mitochondria make ATP molecules that provide the energy for all of the cell's activities.
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Cells that need more energy have more mitochondria.
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Meanwhile, the cell maintains its shape through a cytoskeleton.
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The cytoskeleton includes the thread-like microfilaments, which are made of protein,
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and microtubules, which are thin, hollow tubes.
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Some organisms, such as plants that are photoautotrophic, meaning they capture sunlight for energy,
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have cells with an organelle called a chloroplast.
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The chloroplast is where photosynthesis happens.
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It's green because it has a green pigment called chlorophyll.
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Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of their cell membranes that shape, support and protect the plant cell.
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Animal cells never have a cell wall.
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There are many other unique structures that only some cells have.
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Here are just a few.
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In humans, for example, the respiratory tract is lined with cells that have cilia.
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These are microscopic, hair-like projections that can move in waves.
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This feature helps trap inhaled particles in the air and expels them when you cough.
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Another unique feature in some cells is flagella.
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Some bacteria have flagella.
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A flagellum is like a little tail that can help a cell move or propel itself.
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The only human cell that has a flagellum is a sperm cell.
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In summary, remember, eukaryotic cells are plant and animal cells with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles,
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while prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms without these things.
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All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material.
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And even though only plant cells have chloroplasts, both plant and animal cells have mitochondria.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media”. As palavras que mais se repetem: cell, organelle, nucleus, plant, material. Este vídeo tem 62 frases e 728 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:54. O falante fala devagar, cerca de 105 palavras por minuto, o que dá tempo para imitar cada som. Apenas 72% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| organelle substantivo | /ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/ | organela, organelo |
| nucleus substantivo | /ˈnuː.kli.əs/ | núcleo |
| ribosome substantivo | /ˈɹaɪbəˌsoʊm/ | ribossomo, ribossoma |
| membrane substantivo | /ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/ | membrana |
| cytoplasm substantivo | /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/ | citoplasma |
| mitochondrion substantivo | /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/ | mitocôndria |
| organism substantivo | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organismo |
| chloroplast substantivo | /ˈklɔːɹəʊˌplæst/ | cloroplasto |
| enclose verbo | /ɪnˈkloʊz/ | cercar |
| endoplasmic adjetivo | endoplasmático | |
| eukaryotic adjetivo | eucariótico | |
| prokaryotic adjetivo | procariótico | |
| reticulum substantivo | retículo, barrete | |
| attach verbo | /əˈtæt͡ʃ/ | anexar |
| bacterium substantivo | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | bactéria |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| spread out verbo | espalhar-se |
| wear out verbo | desgastar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | cytoplasm, which is · nucleolus, which is · microfilaments, which are |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are made · are filled · is lined |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 3 contrações e formas reduzidas, como doesn't, don't, they're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/, photosynthesis /ˌfoʊ.toʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: respiration /ɹɛspɪˈɹeɪʃən/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/, mitochondrion /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, unicellular /ˌjuːnɪˈsɛljʊlə(ɹ)/, abbreviate /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: chloroplast /ˈklɔːɹəʊˌplæst/, abbreviate /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/, carbohydrate /kɑɹboʊˈhaɪdɹeɪt/, microfilament /ˈmaɪkrəʊˌfɪləmənt/, microscopic /ˌmaɪ.kɹəˈskɑ.pɪk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: organelle /ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/, vacuole /ˈvækjʊˌəʊl/, chlorophyll /ˈklɔɹ.ə.fɪl/, inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/, propel /pɹəˈpɛl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: carbohydrate /kɑɹboʊˈhaɪdɹeɪt/, inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/, hollow /ˈhɑloʊ/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como organelle, nucleus, ribosome.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.