Shadowing Practice: Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Cells are the smallest living units of an organism.
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All cells have three things in common, no matter what type of cell they are.
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All cells have a cell membrane, which separates the inside of the cell from its environment,
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cytoplasm, which is a jelly-like fluid, and DNA, which is the cell's genetic material.
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There are two broad categories of cells.
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The first category is eukaryotic cells.
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They have organelles, which include the nucleus and other special parts.
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Eukaryotic cells are more advanced, complex cells, such as those found in plants and animals.
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The second category is prokaryotic cells.
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They don't have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles.
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They do have genetic material, but it's not contained within a nucleus.
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Prokaryotic cells are always one-celled or unicellular organisms, such as bacteria. So, what are organelles?
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Organelle means little organ.
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Organelles are the specialized parts of a cell that have unique jobs to perform.
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Let's start with the nucleus, the control center of the cell.
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The nucleus contains DNA, or genetic material.
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DNA dictates what the cell is going to do and how it's going to do it.
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Chromatin is the tangled, spread out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane.
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When a cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into structures known as chromosomes.
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The nucleus also contains a nucleolus, which is a structure where ribosomes are made.
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After ribosomes leave the nucleus, they will have the important job of synthesizing or making proteins.
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Outside the nucleus, the ribosomes and the rest of the organelles float around in cytoplasm, which is the jelly-like substance.
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may wander freely within the cytoplasm or attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, sometimes abbreviated as ER.
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There are two types of ER.
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Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, and smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes attached to it.
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The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-enclosed passageway for transporting materials, such as the proteins synthesized by ribosomes.
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Proteins and other materials emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum in small vesicles,
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where the Golgi apparatus, sometimes called the Golgi body, receives them.
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As proteins move through the Golgi body, they're customized into forms that the cell can use.
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The Golgi body does this by folding the proteins into usable shapes
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or adding other materials onto them such as lipids or carbohydrates.
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Vacuoles are sac-like structures that store different materials.
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Here in this plant cell, the central vacuole stores water.
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Going back to the animal cell, you will see an organelle called a lysosome.
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Lysosomes are the garbage collectors that take in damaged or worn out cell parts.
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They are filled with enzymes that break down this cellular debris.
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The mitochondrion is an organelle that is the powerhouse for both animal and plant cells.
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During a process called cellular respiration,
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the mitochondria make ATP molecules that provide the energy for all of the cell's activities.
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Cells that need more energy have more mitochondria.
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Meanwhile, the cell maintains its shape through a cytoskeleton.
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The cytoskeleton includes the thread-like microfilaments, which are made of protein,
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and microtubules, which are thin, hollow tubes.
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Some organisms, such as plants that are photoautotrophic, meaning they capture sunlight for energy,
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have cells with an organelle called a chloroplast.
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The chloroplast is where photosynthesis happens.
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It's green because it has a green pigment called chlorophyll.
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Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of their cell membranes that shape, support and protect the plant cell.
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Animal cells never have a cell wall.
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There are many other unique structures that only some cells have.
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Here are just a few.
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In humans, for example, the respiratory tract is lined with cells that have cilia.
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These are microscopic, hair-like projections that can move in waves.
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This feature helps trap inhaled particles in the air and expels them when you cough.
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Another unique feature in some cells is flagella.
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Some bacteria have flagella.
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A flagellum is like a little tail that can help a cell move or propel itself.
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The only human cell that has a flagellum is a sperm cell.
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In summary, remember, eukaryotic cells are plant and animal cells with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles,
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while prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms without these things.
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All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material.
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And even though only plant cells have chloroplasts, both plant and animal cells have mitochondria.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación de nivel C1 se basa en el vídeo “Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media”. Las palabras que más se repiten: cell, organelle, nucleus, plant, material. Este vídeo tiene 62 frases y 728 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 6:54. El hablante habla despacio, unas 105 palabras por minuto, así que hay tiempo para imitar cada sonido. Solo el 72 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| organelle sustantivo | /ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/ | orgánulo, organelo |
| nucleus sustantivo | /ˈnuː.kli.əs/ | núcleo |
| ribosome sustantivo | /ˈɹaɪbəˌsoʊm/ | ribosoma |
| membrane sustantivo | /ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/ | membrana |
| cytoplasm sustantivo | /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/ | citoplasma |
| flagellum sustantivo | /fləˈd͡ʒɛləm/ | flagelo |
| mitochondrion sustantivo | /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/ | mitocondria |
| organism sustantivo | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organismo |
| chloroplast sustantivo | /ˈklɔːɹəʊˌplæst/ | cloroplasto |
| eukaryotic adjetivo | eucariótico | |
| prokaryotic adjetivo | procariótico | |
| reticulum sustantivo | redecilla, retículo | |
| attach verbo | /əˈtæt͡ʃ/ | adjuntar, atachar |
| bacterium sustantivo | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | bacteria |
| cytoskeleton sustantivo | citoesqueleto |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| break down verbo | descomponerse, averiarse |
| wear out verbo | desgastar, ajar |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | cytoplasm, which is · nucleolus, which is · microfilaments, which are |
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | are made · are filled · is lined |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 3 contracciones y formas reducidas, como doesn't, don't, they're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “th”: synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/, photosynthesis /ˌfoʊ.toʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: respiration /ɹɛspɪˈɹeɪʃən/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/, mitochondrion /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, unicellular /ˌjuːnɪˈsɛljʊlə(ɹ)/, abbreviate /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: vacuole /ˈvækjʊˌəʊl/, abbreviate /əˈbɹi.vi.eɪt/, vesicle /ˈvɛsɪkəl/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, enclose /ɪnˈkloʊz/, synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/, customize /ˈkʌs.tə.maɪ̯z/
- /dʒ/ — no es la “y” ni la “ch”: flagellum /fləˈd͡ʒɛləm/, jelly /ˈd͡ʒɛli/, passageway /ˈpæ.sɪdʒˌweɪ/, projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como organelle, nucleus, ribosome.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.