Shadowing Practice: Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Hi, I'm Kathy with Level Up RN.
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In this video, I'm going to begin my coverage of topics from the Acellular Infectious Agents section of our Microbiology Flashcard deck.
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Specifically, I'll be talking about viruses, including key characteristics of viruses, virus components, and virus shapes.
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I've included a quiz at the end of the video to test your knowledge on some of the key facts
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I'll be covering, so definitely stay tuned for that.
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And if you have our Level Up RN microbiology flashcards, go ahead and pull out your flashcards on viruses
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so you can follow along with me
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and pay close attention to the bold red text on the back of the cards
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because those are the things that you are likely to get tested on in your micro class.
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Viruses are acellular pathogens.
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This means that they are not composed of cells and do not contain cells.
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Viruses require a host cell in order to survive.
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They basically hijack the host cell's machinery to reproduce, synthesize viral proteins, and assemble virus components.
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This makes them obligate intracellular parasites.
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Viruses come in a variety of sizes, but in general, they are very small, usually between 20 and 900 nanometers in length.
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Each virus has a host range, which is the range of species and cell types that the virus can infect.
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So for example, a bacteriophage is a virus that only infects bacterial cells.
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They do not infect human cells.
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A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that infects a bacterial cell and causes the cell to lice or burst,
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which results in cell death.
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Whereas a temperate phage integrates its genetic material into the host cell's chromosome,
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and that genetic material is replicated when the host cell replicates.
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So in the next video, in this video playlist, we will go into detail about the different ways that a bacteriophage can replicate.
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Of note, when you see the term virion, that is referring to a virus particle that is outside the host cell.
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So it's basically the extracellular form of a virus that is capable of infecting a new host.
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Let's now talk about the different components that make up a virus.
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So each virus will contain genetic material.
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This may be DNA or RNA, but not both.
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And then in addition to the DNA or RNA, each virus will have a capsid,
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which is a protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material.
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The capsid is made up of capsimeres, which are protein subunits that interlock to form the capsid.
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Many viruses also have an envelope, which is a phospholipid membrane that surrounds the virus.
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This envelope is derived from the host cell when the virus pinches off from the host cell during a process called budding.
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A virus that lacks an envelope is referred to as a non -enveloped virus or a naked virus.
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Some viruses also have spikes, which are protein structures that extend outward and away from the virus.
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These spikes allow the virus to more effectively attach to the host cell, enter the cell, and cause infection.
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So viruses that have spikes tend to be more virulent.
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An example of a virus that has spikes is the coronavirus, which causes COVID -19.
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Now let's talk about key virus shapes, which include a helical shape, a polyhedral shape, and a complex shape.
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A virus with a helical shape has a cylindrical
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or rod -shaped capsid with the viral nucleic acid poiled up inside the capsid.
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An example of a virus with a helical shape is the tobacco mosaic virus.
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A virus with a polyhedral shape has a nucleic acid surrounded by a multi -sided capsid.
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An example of a virus with a polyhedral shape is the adenovirus.
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An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular sides,
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which makes the virus appear spherical in shape.
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An example of a virus with an icosahedral shape is the poliovirus.
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And of note, helical viruses and polyhedral viruses may also have an envelope.
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Lastly, some viruses will have a complex shape, which includes features of both helical and polyhedral viruses.
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The most common example of a virus with a complex shape is a bacteriophage.
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So as you can see in the image, the head of the bacteriophage has a polyhedral shape,
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whereas the tail of the bacteriophage has a helical shape.
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All right, it's quiz time, and I have five questions for you.
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Question number one, what do you call the protein coat that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid of a virus?
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The answer is the capsid.
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Number two, what do you call the protein subunits that make up a capsid?
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The answer is capsomeres.
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Number three, what is a naked virus?
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The answer is a virus that lacks an envelope.
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Number four, what viral shape is shown here?
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The answer is helical.
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And number five, what do you call a complete virus particle outside the host cell?
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The answer is a virion.
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All right, that's it for this video.
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I hope you found it to be helpful.
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If so, be sure to hit that like button.
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Take care and good luck with studying!
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med”. Las palabras que más se repiten: virus, shape, cell, viruses, host. Este vídeo tiene 17 frases y 891 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 6:43. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 133 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. Solo el 69 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente. 5 de sus 17 frases son preguntas, así que sirve para practicar la entonación de las preguntas y las respuestas cortas.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| virus sustantivo | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | virus |
| envelope sustantivo | /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/ | sobre, envelop |
| genetic adjetivo | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | genético |
| spike sustantivo | /spaɪk/ | clavo, pincho |
| surround verbo | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | envolver, cercar |
| acid sustantivo | /ˈæsɪd/ | ácido |
| component sustantivo | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | componente |
| viral adjetivo | /ˈvaɪɹəl/ | viral, vírico |
| replicate verbo | /ˈɹɛplɪkeɪt/ | replicar |
| refer verbo | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | referir, remitir |
| helpful adjetivo | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | servicial, adyuvante |
| naked adjetivo | /ˈneɪkɪd/ | desnudo, en cueros |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | mientras que (locution) |
| coat sustantivo | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | abrigo, saco |
| particle sustantivo | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | partícula |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | reponer, suplir |
| go ahead verbo | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | venga, adelante |
| pull out verbo | retirarse |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | are not composed · is replicated · is made |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | range, which is · capsimeres, which are · envelope, which is |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 5 contracciones y formas reducidas, como I'll, I'm, I've. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “th”: pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, bacteriophage /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/, microbiology /ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/, adenovirus /əˈdɛnəʊˌvaɪɹəs/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: spike /spaɪk/, spherical /ˈsfɛɹɪkəl/
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: virus /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/, envelope /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/, viral /ˈvaɪɹəl/, invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/, microwave /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, quiz /kwɪz/, mosaic /moʊˈzeɪ.ɪk/, compose /kəmˈpəʊz/, lyse /ˈlaɪz/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como virus, envelope, genetic.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.