Pratica di Shadowing: Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Hi, I'm Kathy with Level Up RN.
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In this video, I'm going to begin my coverage of topics from the Acellular Infectious Agents section of our Microbiology Flashcard deck.
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Specifically, I'll be talking about viruses, including key characteristics of viruses, virus components, and virus shapes.
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I've included a quiz at the end of the video to test your knowledge on some of the key facts
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I'll be covering, so definitely stay tuned for that.
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And if you have our Level Up RN microbiology flashcards, go ahead and pull out your flashcards on viruses
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so you can follow along with me
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and pay close attention to the bold red text on the back of the cards
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because those are the things that you are likely to get tested on in your micro class.
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Viruses are acellular pathogens.
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This means that they are not composed of cells and do not contain cells.
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Viruses require a host cell in order to survive.
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They basically hijack the host cell's machinery to reproduce, synthesize viral proteins, and assemble virus components.
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This makes them obligate intracellular parasites.
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Viruses come in a variety of sizes, but in general, they are very small, usually between 20 and 900 nanometers in length.
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Each virus has a host range, which is the range of species and cell types that the virus can infect.
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So for example, a bacteriophage is a virus that only infects bacterial cells.
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They do not infect human cells.
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A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that infects a bacterial cell and causes the cell to lice or burst,
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which results in cell death.
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Whereas a temperate phage integrates its genetic material into the host cell's chromosome,
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and that genetic material is replicated when the host cell replicates.
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So in the next video, in this video playlist, we will go into detail about the different ways that a bacteriophage can replicate.
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Of note, when you see the term virion, that is referring to a virus particle that is outside the host cell.
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So it's basically the extracellular form of a virus that is capable of infecting a new host.
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Let's now talk about the different components that make up a virus.
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So each virus will contain genetic material.
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This may be DNA or RNA, but not both.
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And then in addition to the DNA or RNA, each virus will have a capsid,
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which is a protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material.
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The capsid is made up of capsimeres, which are protein subunits that interlock to form the capsid.
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Many viruses also have an envelope, which is a phospholipid membrane that surrounds the virus.
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This envelope is derived from the host cell when the virus pinches off from the host cell during a process called budding.
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A virus that lacks an envelope is referred to as a non -enveloped virus or a naked virus.
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Some viruses also have spikes, which are protein structures that extend outward and away from the virus.
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These spikes allow the virus to more effectively attach to the host cell, enter the cell, and cause infection.
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So viruses that have spikes tend to be more virulent.
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An example of a virus that has spikes is the coronavirus, which causes COVID -19.
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Now let's talk about key virus shapes, which include a helical shape, a polyhedral shape, and a complex shape.
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A virus with a helical shape has a cylindrical
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or rod -shaped capsid with the viral nucleic acid poiled up inside the capsid.
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An example of a virus with a helical shape is the tobacco mosaic virus.
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A virus with a polyhedral shape has a nucleic acid surrounded by a multi -sided capsid.
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An example of a virus with a polyhedral shape is the adenovirus.
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An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular sides,
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which makes the virus appear spherical in shape.
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An example of a virus with an icosahedral shape is the poliovirus.
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And of note, helical viruses and polyhedral viruses may also have an envelope.
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Lastly, some viruses will have a complex shape, which includes features of both helical and polyhedral viruses.
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The most common example of a virus with a complex shape is a bacteriophage.
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So as you can see in the image, the head of the bacteriophage has a polyhedral shape,
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whereas the tail of the bacteriophage has a helical shape.
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All right, it's quiz time, and I have five questions for you.
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Question number one, what do you call the protein coat that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid of a virus?
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The answer is the capsid.
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Number two, what do you call the protein subunits that make up a capsid?
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The answer is capsomeres.
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Number three, what is a naked virus?
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The answer is a virus that lacks an envelope.
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Number four, what viral shape is shown here?
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The answer is helical.
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And number five, what do you call a complete virus particle outside the host cell?
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The answer is a virion.
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All right, that's it for this video.
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I hope you found it to be helpful.
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If so, be sure to hit that like button.
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Take care and good luck with studying!
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: virus, shape, cell, viruses, host. Questo video contiene 17 frasi e 891 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 6:43. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 133 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Solo il 69% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo. 5 delle sue 17 frasi sono domande: un buon esercizio per l’intonazione interrogativa e le risposte brevi.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| virus sostantivo | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | virus |
| envelope sostantivo | /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/ | busta |
| genetic aggettivo | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | genetico |
| spike sostantivo | /spaɪk/ | chiodo, lancia |
| surround verbo | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | circondare |
| acid sostantivo | /ˈæsɪd/ | acido |
| component sostantivo | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | componente |
| replicate verbo | /ˈɹɛplɪkeɪt/ | replicare |
| refer verbo | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | riferire |
| helpful aggettivo | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | disponibile, utile |
| naked aggettivo | /ˈneɪkɪd/ | nudo, ignudo |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | laddove, mentre |
| coat sostantivo | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | mantello, cappotto |
| particle sostantivo | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | granello, pezzetto |
| quiz sostantivo | /kwɪz/ | quiz |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | comporsi |
| go ahead verbo | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | procedere, andare avanti |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | are not composed · is replicated · is made |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | range, which is · capsimeres, which are · envelope, which is |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 5 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come I'll, I'm, I've. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, bacteriophage /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/, microbiology /ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/, adenovirus /əˈdɛnəʊˌvaɪɹəs/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, helical /ˈhɛl.ɪ.kəl/, hijack /ˈhaɪ.d͡ʒæk/, icosahedral /(ˌ)aɪˌkoʊsəˈhiːdɹəl/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: virus /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/, envelope /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/, genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/, spike /spaɪk/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: acid /ˈæsɪd/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, bacterial [bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ], tobacco /təˈbækoʊ/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come virus, envelope, genetic.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.