Pratique du Shadowing: Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Hi, I'm Kathy with Level Up RN.
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In this video, I'm going to begin my coverage of topics from the Acellular Infectious Agents section of our Microbiology Flashcard deck.
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Specifically, I'll be talking about viruses, including key characteristics of viruses, virus components, and virus shapes.
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I've included a quiz at the end of the video to test your knowledge on some of the key facts
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I'll be covering, so definitely stay tuned for that.
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And if you have our Level Up RN microbiology flashcards, go ahead and pull out your flashcards on viruses
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so you can follow along with me
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and pay close attention to the bold red text on the back of the cards
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because those are the things that you are likely to get tested on in your micro class.
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Viruses are acellular pathogens.
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This means that they are not composed of cells and do not contain cells.
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Viruses require a host cell in order to survive.
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They basically hijack the host cell's machinery to reproduce, synthesize viral proteins, and assemble virus components.
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This makes them obligate intracellular parasites.
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Viruses come in a variety of sizes, but in general, they are very small, usually between 20 and 900 nanometers in length.
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Each virus has a host range, which is the range of species and cell types that the virus can infect.
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So for example, a bacteriophage is a virus that only infects bacterial cells.
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They do not infect human cells.
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A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that infects a bacterial cell and causes the cell to lice or burst,
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which results in cell death.
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Whereas a temperate phage integrates its genetic material into the host cell's chromosome,
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and that genetic material is replicated when the host cell replicates.
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So in the next video, in this video playlist, we will go into detail about the different ways that a bacteriophage can replicate.
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Of note, when you see the term virion, that is referring to a virus particle that is outside the host cell.
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So it's basically the extracellular form of a virus that is capable of infecting a new host.
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Let's now talk about the different components that make up a virus.
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So each virus will contain genetic material.
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This may be DNA or RNA, but not both.
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And then in addition to the DNA or RNA, each virus will have a capsid,
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which is a protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material.
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The capsid is made up of capsimeres, which are protein subunits that interlock to form the capsid.
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Many viruses also have an envelope, which is a phospholipid membrane that surrounds the virus.
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This envelope is derived from the host cell when the virus pinches off from the host cell during a process called budding.
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A virus that lacks an envelope is referred to as a non -enveloped virus or a naked virus.
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Some viruses also have spikes, which are protein structures that extend outward and away from the virus.
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These spikes allow the virus to more effectively attach to the host cell, enter the cell, and cause infection.
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So viruses that have spikes tend to be more virulent.
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An example of a virus that has spikes is the coronavirus, which causes COVID -19.
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Now let's talk about key virus shapes, which include a helical shape, a polyhedral shape, and a complex shape.
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A virus with a helical shape has a cylindrical
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or rod -shaped capsid with the viral nucleic acid poiled up inside the capsid.
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An example of a virus with a helical shape is the tobacco mosaic virus.
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A virus with a polyhedral shape has a nucleic acid surrounded by a multi -sided capsid.
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An example of a virus with a polyhedral shape is the adenovirus.
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An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular sides,
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which makes the virus appear spherical in shape.
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An example of a virus with an icosahedral shape is the poliovirus.
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And of note, helical viruses and polyhedral viruses may also have an envelope.
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Lastly, some viruses will have a complex shape, which includes features of both helical and polyhedral viruses.
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The most common example of a virus with a complex shape is a bacteriophage.
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So as you can see in the image, the head of the bacteriophage has a polyhedral shape,
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whereas the tail of the bacteriophage has a helical shape.
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All right, it's quiz time, and I have five questions for you.
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Question number one, what do you call the protein coat that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid of a virus?
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The answer is the capsid.
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Number two, what do you call the protein subunits that make up a capsid?
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The answer is capsomeres.
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Number three, what is a naked virus?
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The answer is a virus that lacks an envelope.
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Number four, what viral shape is shown here?
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The answer is helical.
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And number five, what do you call a complete virus particle outside the host cell?
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The answer is a virion.
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All right, that's it for this video.
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I hope you found it to be helpful.
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If so, be sure to hit that like button.
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Take care and good luck with studying!
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : virus, shape, cell, viruses, host. Cette vidéo contient 17 phrases et 891 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 6:43. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 133 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 69 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant. 5 de ses 17 phrases sont des questions : un bon entraînement pour l’intonation interrogative et les réponses courtes.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| virus nom | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | virus |
| envelope nom | /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/ | enveloppe |
| genetic adjectif | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | génétique |
| spike nom | /spaɪk/ | clou, pointe |
| surround verbe | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | entourer, cerner |
| acid nom | /ˈæsɪd/ | acide |
| component nom | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | composant |
| replicate verbe | /ˈɹɛplɪkeɪt/ | répliquer |
| refer verbe | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | référer |
| helpful adjectif | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | utile, serviable |
| naked adjectif | /ˈneɪkɪd/ | nu |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | tandis que, alors que |
| coat nom | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | manteau, paletot |
| particle nom | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | particule |
| quiz nom | /kwɪz/ | quiz |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbe | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | constituer, composer |
| go ahead verbe | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | vas-y, allez-y |
| pull out verbe | se retirer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are not composed · is replicated · is made |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | range, which is · capsimeres, which are · envelope, which is |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 5 contractions et formes réduites, comme I'll, I'm, I've. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, bacteriophage /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/, microbiology /ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/, adenovirus /əˈdɛnəʊˌvaɪɹəs/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, helical /ˈhɛl.ɪ.kəl/, hijack /ˈhaɪ.d͡ʒæk/, icosahedral /(ˌ)aɪˌkoʊsəˈhiːdɹəl/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/, pinch /pɪnt͡ʃ/, attach /əˈtæt͡ʃ/, bacteriophage /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/, microbiology /ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: virus /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, viral /ˈvaɪɹəl/, replicate /ˈɹɛplɪkeɪt/, refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme virus, envelope, genetic.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.