Pratique du Shadowing: Introduction to neural cell types | Organ Systems | MCAT | Khan Academy - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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45 phrases
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In this video, I want to introduce the different types of neural cells.
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The word neural, or the prefix neuro, just refers to the nervous system, so that neural cells are cells of the nervous system.
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Neural cells work with all the other cell types of the
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body to produce the amazing range of functions of the nervous system, including consciousness, social interactions, cognition,
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emotion, movement, sensory perception, and regulation of other functions such as circulation, respiration, and digestion.
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Neural cells are divided into two big categories.
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The first are neurons, which were traditionally called nerve cells.
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And the second are glia.
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Now these can also be called neuroglia or glial cells.
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That all means the same thing.
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Neurons are named from a Greek word for nerve, while glia are named from a Greek word for glue because they are once thought to do little except glue neurons together.
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The structure of the nervous system is divided into two main parts.
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The first part is mainly made up of the brain in the head and the spinal cord in the spine.
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And this part of the nervous system is called the central nervous system.
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The other part of the nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system.
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And that's made up mostly of nerves, these long stringy structures that come out of the brain and the spinal cord.
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And they go all over the body, like down into the arms and down into the legs and into every part of the body.
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And we'll cover a lot more detail about neuroanatomy in other videos, but I just need to bring up the central
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and peripheral nervous system because the neural cells are divided up differently amongst the different systems.
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Calling neurons nerve cells is a little problematic
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because these structures in the peripheral nervous system called nerves are made up of neurons, but they also contain glial cells,
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and they contain a number of other cells that aren't neural cells at all.
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However, you'll often hear people refer to neurons as nerve cells because that was the traditional name for them.
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Neurons are found both in the central nervous system, the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, in the nerves.
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But the different types of glial cells are found only in one or the other.
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Most neural cells are derived from populations of cells called neural stem cells or neural crest cells.
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And both of those cell types arise early in development in the part of the embryo called the ectoderm.
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Most neurons in glia found in the central nervous system are derived from neural stem cells,
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while most neurons in glia found in the peripheral nervous system are derived from neural crest cells.
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Now we'll go into a lot more detail about what neural stem cells are
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and neural crest cells in other videos when we cover development of the nervous system.
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Most types of both neurons and glia share some structural features of the way their cell is shaped.
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Most of them have a main part to their cell called the soma, or the cell body, that contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
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Coming out of the soma, most of these cell types have processes, long, thin extensions that come out of the soma.
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And the processes of the different neural cells vary in number and in length and thickness and degree of branching, because some of them will be unbranched,
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and some of them will have processes that branch, sometimes a little and sometimes a lot.
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They will also vary a lot in the terminal structures at the end of their processes
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and the function of these structures and the processes.
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The function of neurons is to process and transmit information, and the function of glia is to support them in a variety of ways.
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There are many structural and functional types of both the neurons and the glia, And there are large numbers of these cells making up the nervous system.
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There are billions of neurons that form trillions of connections in the adult human nervous system.
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And there are even more glia than there are neurons.
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In subsequent videos, we'll go over the most common glia, which are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
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There are also less common glia, such as satellite cells and olfactory and sheathing cells.
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But we'll just go over the most common types here.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 45 phrases et 742 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:10. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 178 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 77 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| neural adjectif | /ˈnʊɹəl/ | neural |
| nerve nom | /nɝv/ | nerf |
| peripheral adjectif | /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/ | périphérique |
| divide verbe | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | diviser, fendre |
| cord nom | /ˈkoɹd/ | corde |
| spinal adjectif | /spaɪ.nəl/ | spinal |
| crest nom | /kɹɛst/ | crête |
| derive verbe | /dɪˈɹaɪv/ | tirer, trouver |
| refer verbe | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | référer |
| vary verbe | /ˈvɛəɹi/ | varier |
| structural adjectif | /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/ | structurel, structural |
| glue nom | /ɡlu/ | colle |
| thin adjectif | /ˈθɪn/ | mince |
| extension nom | /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/ | extension |
| subsequent adjectif | /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ | subséquent, suivant |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbe | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | constituer, composer |
| bring up verbe | élever |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 6 contractions et formes réduites, comme we'll, aren't, you'll. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: thin /ˈθɪn/, thickness /ˈθɪknəs/, sheath /ʃiθ/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: peripheral /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme neural, nerve, peripheral.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are divided · be called · are named |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | neurons, which were · glia, which are |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.