Prática de Shadowing: Introduction to neural cell types | Organ Systems | MCAT | Khan Academy - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Escolha um modo de prática
Cada modo abre uma sala de prática em tela cheia.
45 frases
Se as frases estiverem muito curtas ou longas, clique em Edit para ajustá-las.
1
In this video, I want to introduce the different types of neural cells.
2
The word neural, or the prefix neuro, just refers to the nervous system, so that neural cells are cells of the nervous system.
3
Neural cells work with all the other cell types of the
4
body to produce the amazing range of functions of the nervous system, including consciousness, social interactions, cognition,
5
emotion, movement, sensory perception, and regulation of other functions such as circulation, respiration, and digestion.
6
Neural cells are divided into two big categories.
7
The first are neurons, which were traditionally called nerve cells.
8
And the second are glia.
9
Now these can also be called neuroglia or glial cells.
10
That all means the same thing.
11
Neurons are named from a Greek word for nerve, while glia are named from a Greek word for glue because they are once thought to do little except glue neurons together.
12
The structure of the nervous system is divided into two main parts.
13
The first part is mainly made up of the brain in the head and the spinal cord in the spine.
14
And this part of the nervous system is called the central nervous system.
15
The other part of the nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system.
16
And that's made up mostly of nerves, these long stringy structures that come out of the brain and the spinal cord.
17
And they go all over the body, like down into the arms and down into the legs and into every part of the body.
18
And we'll cover a lot more detail about neuroanatomy in other videos, but I just need to bring up the central
19
and peripheral nervous system because the neural cells are divided up differently amongst the different systems.
20
Calling neurons nerve cells is a little problematic
21
because these structures in the peripheral nervous system called nerves are made up of neurons, but they also contain glial cells,
22
and they contain a number of other cells that aren't neural cells at all.
23
However, you'll often hear people refer to neurons as nerve cells because that was the traditional name for them.
24
Neurons are found both in the central nervous system, the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, in the nerves.
25
But the different types of glial cells are found only in one or the other.
26
Most neural cells are derived from populations of cells called neural stem cells or neural crest cells.
27
And both of those cell types arise early in development in the part of the embryo called the ectoderm.
28
Most neurons in glia found in the central nervous system are derived from neural stem cells,
29
while most neurons in glia found in the peripheral nervous system are derived from neural crest cells.
30
Now we'll go into a lot more detail about what neural stem cells are
31
and neural crest cells in other videos when we cover development of the nervous system.
32
Most types of both neurons and glia share some structural features of the way their cell is shaped.
33
Most of them have a main part to their cell called the soma, or the cell body, that contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
34
Coming out of the soma, most of these cell types have processes, long, thin extensions that come out of the soma.
35
And the processes of the different neural cells vary in number and in length and thickness and degree of branching, because some of them will be unbranched,
36
and some of them will have processes that branch, sometimes a little and sometimes a lot.
37
They will also vary a lot in the terminal structures at the end of their processes
38
and the function of these structures and the processes.
39
The function of neurons is to process and transmit information, and the function of glia is to support them in a variety of ways.
40
There are many structural and functional types of both the neurons and the glia, And there are large numbers of these cells making up the nervous system.
41
There are billions of neurons that form trillions of connections in the adult human nervous system.
42
And there are even more glia than there are neurons.
43
In subsequent videos, we'll go over the most common glia, which are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
44
There are also less common glia, such as satellite cells and olfactory and sheathing cells.
45
But we'll just go over the most common types here.
Baixar aplicativo
Tudo o que você precisa para falar fluentemente
Pronúncia com IANota em cada frase
Prática de IPADomine cada som
VocabulárioMonte seu banco de palavras
Jogo de vocabulárioAprenda brincando
Mesmo canal
C15
Theories of Emotion | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
The different types of mutations | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1Polarization of light, linear and circular | Light waves | Physics | Khan Academy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Vídeo recomendado
C12
799 frases
Cell Biology | Cell Structure & Function
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
167 frases
BLOOD TYPES explained in 9 Minutes
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
23 frases
3-D Brain Scans | Pathways 2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
22 frases
Introduction To Networking - Different Types Of Networks | Networking Fundamentals Part 2 (revised)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1117 frases
Anatomy & Physiology: The Ultimate Beginner's Guide | Dr. Bee's Tutorials
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
67 frases
Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
412 frases
Organizational forms and corporate issuer features (for the CFA Level 1 exam)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
166 frases
Introduction to Optoelectronics and Photonics
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
747 frases
MIT Introduction to Deep Learning | 6.S191
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
100 frases
Epithelial Tissue
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
59 frases
All About Crustaceans – Quiz Edition
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 45 frases e 742 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:10. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 178 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 77% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| neural adjetivo | /ˈnʊɹəl/ | neural |
| nerve substantivo | /nɝv/ | nervo |
| peripheral adjetivo | /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/ | periférico |
| stem substantivo | /stɛm/ | ramo |
| divide verbo | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | dividir, separar |
| cord substantivo | /ˈkoɹd/ | corda, barbante |
| spinal adjetivo | /spaɪ.nəl/ | espinal, espinhal |
| crest substantivo | /kɹɛst/ | cume |
| derive verbo | /dɪˈɹaɪv/ | derivar |
| refer verbo | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | encaminhar |
| vary verbo | /ˈvɛəɹi/ | variar |
| structural adjetivo | /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/ | estrutural |
| glue substantivo | /ɡlu/ | cola, grude |
| thin adjetivo | /ˈθɪn/ | fino |
| extension substantivo | /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/ | extensão |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | compensar |
| bring up verbo | criar |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 6 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we'll, aren't, you'll. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: thin /ˈθɪn/, thickness /ˈθɪknəs/, sheath /ʃiθ/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: peripheral /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como neural, nerve, peripheral.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are divided · be called · are named |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | neurons, which were · glia, which are |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.