Shadowing Practice: Introduction to neural cell types | Organ Systems | MCAT | Khan Academy - Learn English Speaking with Video
Elige un modo de práctica
Cada modo abre una sala de práctica a pantalla completa.
45 oraciones
Si las oraciones son demasiado cortas o largas, haz clic en Editar para ajustarlas.
1
In this video, I want to introduce the different types of neural cells.
2
The word neural, or the prefix neuro, just refers to the nervous system, so that neural cells are cells of the nervous system.
3
Neural cells work with all the other cell types of the
4
body to produce the amazing range of functions of the nervous system, including consciousness, social interactions, cognition,
5
emotion, movement, sensory perception, and regulation of other functions such as circulation, respiration, and digestion.
6
Neural cells are divided into two big categories.
7
The first are neurons, which were traditionally called nerve cells.
8
And the second are glia.
9
Now these can also be called neuroglia or glial cells.
10
That all means the same thing.
11
Neurons are named from a Greek word for nerve, while glia are named from a Greek word for glue because they are once thought to do little except glue neurons together.
12
The structure of the nervous system is divided into two main parts.
13
The first part is mainly made up of the brain in the head and the spinal cord in the spine.
14
And this part of the nervous system is called the central nervous system.
15
The other part of the nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system.
16
And that's made up mostly of nerves, these long stringy structures that come out of the brain and the spinal cord.
17
And they go all over the body, like down into the arms and down into the legs and into every part of the body.
18
And we'll cover a lot more detail about neuroanatomy in other videos, but I just need to bring up the central
19
and peripheral nervous system because the neural cells are divided up differently amongst the different systems.
20
Calling neurons nerve cells is a little problematic
21
because these structures in the peripheral nervous system called nerves are made up of neurons, but they also contain glial cells,
22
and they contain a number of other cells that aren't neural cells at all.
23
However, you'll often hear people refer to neurons as nerve cells because that was the traditional name for them.
24
Neurons are found both in the central nervous system, the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, in the nerves.
25
But the different types of glial cells are found only in one or the other.
26
Most neural cells are derived from populations of cells called neural stem cells or neural crest cells.
27
And both of those cell types arise early in development in the part of the embryo called the ectoderm.
28
Most neurons in glia found in the central nervous system are derived from neural stem cells,
29
while most neurons in glia found in the peripheral nervous system are derived from neural crest cells.
30
Now we'll go into a lot more detail about what neural stem cells are
31
and neural crest cells in other videos when we cover development of the nervous system.
32
Most types of both neurons and glia share some structural features of the way their cell is shaped.
33
Most of them have a main part to their cell called the soma, or the cell body, that contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
34
Coming out of the soma, most of these cell types have processes, long, thin extensions that come out of the soma.
35
And the processes of the different neural cells vary in number and in length and thickness and degree of branching, because some of them will be unbranched,
36
and some of them will have processes that branch, sometimes a little and sometimes a lot.
37
They will also vary a lot in the terminal structures at the end of their processes
38
and the function of these structures and the processes.
39
The function of neurons is to process and transmit information, and the function of glia is to support them in a variety of ways.
40
There are many structural and functional types of both the neurons and the glia, And there are large numbers of these cells making up the nervous system.
41
There are billions of neurons that form trillions of connections in the adult human nervous system.
42
And there are even more glia than there are neurons.
43
In subsequent videos, we'll go over the most common glia, which are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
44
There are also less common glia, such as satellite cells and olfactory and sheathing cells.
45
But we'll just go over the most common types here.
Descargar app
Todo lo que necesitas para hablar con fluidez
Pronunciación con IAEvalúa cada oración
Práctica de IPADomina cada sonido
VocabularioConstruye tu banco de palabras
Juego de vocabularioAprende mientras juegas
Mismo canal
C15
Theories of Emotion | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
The different types of mutations | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1Polarization of light, linear and circular | Light waves | Physics | Khan Academy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Recomendar Video
C12
799 oraciones
Cell Biology | Cell Structure & Function
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
167 oraciones
BLOOD TYPES explained in 9 Minutes
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
23 oraciones
3-D Brain Scans | Pathways 2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
22 oraciones
Introduction To Networking - Different Types Of Networks | Networking Fundamentals Part 2 (revised)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1117 oraciones
Anatomy & Physiology: The Ultimate Beginner's Guide | Dr. Bee's Tutorials
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
67 oraciones
Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
412 oraciones
Organizational forms and corporate issuer features (for the CFA Level 1 exam)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
166 oraciones
Introduction to Optoelectronics and Photonics
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
747 oraciones
MIT Introduction to Deep Learning | 6.S191
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
100 oraciones
Epithelial Tissue
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
59 oraciones
All About Crustaceans – Quiz Edition
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Este vídeo tiene 45 frases y 742 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 4:10. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 178 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 77 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| neural adjetivo | /ˈnʊɹəl/ | neural |
| nerve sustantivo | /nɝv/ | nervio |
| peripheral adjetivo | /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/ | periférico |
| divide verbo | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | desunir, dividir |
| cord sustantivo | /ˈkoɹd/ | cuerda, cordón |
| spinal adjetivo | /spaɪ.nəl/ | espinal, vertebral |
| crest sustantivo | /kɹɛst/ | cornisa, cresta |
| derive verbo | /dɪˈɹaɪv/ | derivar |
| refer verbo | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | referir, remitir |
| vary verbo | /ˈvɛəɹi/ | variar |
| structural adjetivo | /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/ | estructural |
| glue sustantivo | /ɡlu/ | cola, goma |
| extension sustantivo | /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/ | extensión, extendimiento |
| subsequent adjetivo | /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ | subsiguiente, posterior |
| regulation sustantivo | /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/ | reglamento |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| go over verbo | sentar, pasar | |
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | reponer, suplir |
| bring up verbo | levantar, alzar |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 6 contracciones y formas reducidas, como we'll, aren't, you'll. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “th”: thin /ˈθɪn/, thickness /ˈθɪknəs/, sheath /ʃiθ/
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: peripheral /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como neural, nerve, peripheral.
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | are divided · be called · are named |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | neurons, which were · glia, which are |
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.