Shadowing-Übung: Introduction to neural cell types | Organ Systems | MCAT | Khan Academy - Englisch Sprechen Lernen mit Video
Übungsmodus wählen
Jeder Modus öffnet einen Übungsraum im Vollbild.
45 Sätze
Wenn Sätze zu kurz oder zu lang sind, klicke auf Edit, um sie anzupassen.
1
In this video, I want to introduce the different types of neural cells.
2
The word neural, or the prefix neuro, just refers to the nervous system, so that neural cells are cells of the nervous system.
3
Neural cells work with all the other cell types of the
4
body to produce the amazing range of functions of the nervous system, including consciousness, social interactions, cognition,
5
emotion, movement, sensory perception, and regulation of other functions such as circulation, respiration, and digestion.
6
Neural cells are divided into two big categories.
7
The first are neurons, which were traditionally called nerve cells.
8
And the second are glia.
9
Now these can also be called neuroglia or glial cells.
10
That all means the same thing.
11
Neurons are named from a Greek word for nerve, while glia are named from a Greek word for glue because they are once thought to do little except glue neurons together.
12
The structure of the nervous system is divided into two main parts.
13
The first part is mainly made up of the brain in the head and the spinal cord in the spine.
14
And this part of the nervous system is called the central nervous system.
15
The other part of the nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system.
16
And that's made up mostly of nerves, these long stringy structures that come out of the brain and the spinal cord.
17
And they go all over the body, like down into the arms and down into the legs and into every part of the body.
18
And we'll cover a lot more detail about neuroanatomy in other videos, but I just need to bring up the central
19
and peripheral nervous system because the neural cells are divided up differently amongst the different systems.
20
Calling neurons nerve cells is a little problematic
21
because these structures in the peripheral nervous system called nerves are made up of neurons, but they also contain glial cells,
22
and they contain a number of other cells that aren't neural cells at all.
23
However, you'll often hear people refer to neurons as nerve cells because that was the traditional name for them.
24
Neurons are found both in the central nervous system, the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, in the nerves.
25
But the different types of glial cells are found only in one or the other.
26
Most neural cells are derived from populations of cells called neural stem cells or neural crest cells.
27
And both of those cell types arise early in development in the part of the embryo called the ectoderm.
28
Most neurons in glia found in the central nervous system are derived from neural stem cells,
29
while most neurons in glia found in the peripheral nervous system are derived from neural crest cells.
30
Now we'll go into a lot more detail about what neural stem cells are
31
and neural crest cells in other videos when we cover development of the nervous system.
32
Most types of both neurons and glia share some structural features of the way their cell is shaped.
33
Most of them have a main part to their cell called the soma, or the cell body, that contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
34
Coming out of the soma, most of these cell types have processes, long, thin extensions that come out of the soma.
35
And the processes of the different neural cells vary in number and in length and thickness and degree of branching, because some of them will be unbranched,
36
and some of them will have processes that branch, sometimes a little and sometimes a lot.
37
They will also vary a lot in the terminal structures at the end of their processes
38
and the function of these structures and the processes.
39
The function of neurons is to process and transmit information, and the function of glia is to support them in a variety of ways.
40
There are many structural and functional types of both the neurons and the glia, And there are large numbers of these cells making up the nervous system.
41
There are billions of neurons that form trillions of connections in the adult human nervous system.
42
And there are even more glia than there are neurons.
43
In subsequent videos, we'll go over the most common glia, which are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
44
There are also less common glia, such as satellite cells and olfactory and sheathing cells.
45
But we'll just go over the most common types here.
App herunterladen
Alles, was du zum fließenden Sprechen brauchst
KI-AussprachebewertungJeder Satz bewertet
IPA-TrainingJeden Laut meistern
WortschatzBaue deinen Wortschatz auf
VokabelspielSpielend lernen
Gleicher Kanal
C15
Theories of Emotion | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
The different types of mutations | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1Polarization of light, linear and circular | Light waves | Physics | Khan Academy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Empfohlenes Video
C12
799 Sätze
Cell Biology | Cell Structure & Function
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
167 Sätze
BLOOD TYPES explained in 9 Minutes
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
23 Sätze
3-D Brain Scans | Pathways 2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
22 Sätze
Introduction To Networking - Different Types Of Networks | Networking Fundamentals Part 2 (revised)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1117 Sätze
Anatomy & Physiology: The Ultimate Beginner's Guide | Dr. Bee's Tutorials
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
67 Sätze
Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
412 Sätze
Organizational forms and corporate issuer features (for the CFA Level 1 exam)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
166 Sätze
Introduction to Optoelectronics and Photonics
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
747 Sätze
MIT Introduction to Deep Learning | 6.S191
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
100 Sätze
Epithelial Tissue
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
59 Sätze
All About Crustaceans – Quiz Edition
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
Wortschatz und Sprechhinweise zu dieser Lektion
Dieses Video enthält 45 Sätze und 742 Wörter zum Nachsprechen. Der gesprochene Teil dauert 4:10. Der Sprecher spricht in natürlichem Tempo, etwa 178 Wörter pro Minute, ähnlich wie im Alltagsgespräch. Nur 77 % der Wörter gehören zu den 3.000 häufigsten im Englischen, der Wortschatz ist also anspruchsvoll.
Wichtiger Wortschatz in diesem Video
15 lernenswerte Wörter aus dem Video, mit Aussprache und Bedeutung:
| Wort | Aussprache | Bedeutung |
|---|---|---|
| neural Adjektiv | /ˈnʊɹəl/ | neural |
| nerve Substantiv | /nɝv/ | Nerv |
| peripheral Adjektiv | /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/ | umliegend, peripher |
| stem Substantiv | /stɛm/ | Geschlecht, Stamm |
| divide Verb | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | aufteilen, teilen |
| cord Substantiv | /ˈkoɹd/ | Schnur, Kordel |
| spinal Adjektiv | /spaɪ.nəl/ | Rückgrat-, spinal |
| crest Substantiv | /kɹɛst/ | Gipfel |
| derive Verb | /dɪˈɹaɪv/ | erlangen |
| refer Verb | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | verweisen |
| vary Verb | /ˈvɛəɹi/ | variieren |
| structural Adjektiv | /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/ | konstruktiv |
| glue Substantiv | /ɡlu/ | Klebstoff, Leim |
| thin Adjektiv | /ˈθɪn/ | dünn, tünn |
| extension Substantiv | /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/ | Ausdehnung, Erweiterung |
Phrasal Verbs, die du hören wirst
| Wort | Aussprache | Bedeutung |
|---|---|---|
| make up Verb | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | wiedergutmachen, kompensieren |
| bring up Verb | erwähnen, mit etwas kommen / ankommen |
Aussprache, auf die du achten solltest
Der Sprecher verwendet 6 Kurzformen und abgeschwächte Formen, zum Beispiel we'll, aren't, you'll. Sprich sie in der kurzen Form, so wie du sie hörst.
- Die „th“-Laute: thin /ˈθɪn/, thickness /ˈθɪknəs/, sheath /ʃiθ/
- Die Laute „sh“ und „zh“: structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
- Lange Wörter – auf die Betonung achten: peripheral /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/
So übst du mit diesem Video
- Höre dir das ganze Video einmal an, ohne zu sprechen, und notiere die Wörter, die du nicht kennst.
- Beginne mit 0,75-facher Geschwindigkeit, sprich Satz für Satz nach und wechsle zur normalen Geschwindigkeit, sobald es leichtfällt.
- Nimm dich auf und vergleiche mit dem Original; achte dabei auf Wörter wie neural, nerve, peripheral.
Grammatik in diesem Video
Die Strukturen, die der Sprecher am häufigsten verwendet, mit den genauen Worten aus dem Video:
| Struktur | Im Video |
|---|---|
| Passiv be + Partizip Perfekt – wichtig ist, was geschieht, nicht wer es tut | are divided · be called · are named |
| Relativsätze who / which + Satz – eine Zusatzinformation über eine Person oder Sache | neurons, which were · glia, which are |
Was ist die Shadowing-Technik?
Shadowing ist eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Sprachlerntechnik, die ursprünglich für die professionelle Dolmetscherausbildung entwickelt und durch den Polyglotten Dr. Alexander Arguelles populär gemacht wurde. Die Methode ist einfach aber wirkungsvoll: Du hörst englisches Audio von Muttersprachlern und wiederholst es sofort laut — wie ein Schatten, der dem Sprecher mit nur 1–2 Sekunden Verzögerung folgt. Anders als passives Hören oder Grammatikübungen zwingt Shadowing dein Gehirn und deine Mundmuskulatur, gleichzeitig echte Sprachmuster zu verarbeiten und zu reproduzieren. Studien zeigen, dass es Aussprachegenauigkeit, Intonation, Rhythmus, verbundene Sprache, Hörverständnis und Sprechflüssigkeit signifikant verbessert — was es zu einer der effektivsten Methoden für die IELTS Speaking-Vorbereitung und reale englische Kommunikation macht.